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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.31 No.1
Abstract
The effects of the analytic/wholistic cognitive style on the performance of cognitive tasks in the perception and thinking stage were analyzed in viewpoint of Miller (1987) which explained the influence of cognitive style according to information processing stages. As a preliminary, the participants were divided into the analytic and wholistic processors by using the self-report test and the reaction time test. In Experiments 1 and 2, the effects of the analytic/wholistic cognitive style were examined in the visual discrimination task and the Stroop task. The results were as follows: response times increased and accuracies decreased as the complexity of stimulus increased irrespective of cognitive style in the visual discrimination task. Next the differences between the global task switching cost and the local task switching cost were observed in the wholistic processors in the Stroop task. In Experiment 3, we compared the performance of the analytic and wholistic processors in the categorization task. As a result, the similarity between the category exemplars had a larger effect on the category judgment of the wholistic processors than the analytic processors. The differences between the rule effect and the similarity effect were also observed in the wholistic processors. These results may be interpreted that the analytic/wholistic cognitive style did not affect the performances in the task which required visual discrimination at an early perception stage, but it affected the performances in the task which required task switching and categorization at higher cognitive processing stages. The existing cognitive style tests may be difficult handling these results, and thus they should be modified. Cognitive flexibility should be also taken into consideration to explain the effects of the cognitive style on cognitive tasks.
Abstract
This study investigated how a predictability effect could be modulated by age during Korean reading. In Experiment 1, the predictability effect was examined for young adults only. Sixty target words were selected, and there existed two levels (predictable/unpredictable) of the predictability variable. We monitored readers’ eye movements during reading. As a result, there was a significant effect of the word predictability on early reading measures and total time. Based on the results of the Experiment 1, it was confirmed that the predictability effect was also observed when reading Korean sentences. We used same sentences in Experiment 2 to compare the predictability effect of younger and older adults. The main effects of age were significant in almost all eye-movement measures, and predictability effects were statistically significant in gaze duration and total time. Notably, the interaction between age variable (young/old) and predictability variable (predictable/unpredictable) was significant in skipping rates and late reading measures. These results suggest that the word predictability be a crucial factor during reading regardless of age, and that younger and older adults’ reading might be qualitatively different.
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to examine the facilitatory effect of word length (the number of syllables in a word), a new phenomenon showing that bisyllabic words are recognized faster than monosyllabic words. In Experiment 1, three types of native Korean words were compared: monosyllabic words, bisyllabic simplex words, and bisyllabic compounds. The results showed that lexical decision was faster for bisyllabic words than monosyllabic words, confirming the facilitatory effect of word length in Korean. The word length effect was bigger for high frequency words than low frequency words. In Experiment 2 using Hanja words, the facilitatory word length effect was replicated, and the interaction of word length and frequency was found to be significant. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 were not consistent with the serial-parallel processing explanation and the ideal length hypothesis. An alternative explanation was attempted based on the properties of native Korean and Hanja words.
Abstract
Probability cueing effect refers to a spatial bias to a certain region where a target is frequently presented. It is thought to be one of the representative forms of incidental learning that shows the efficiency of human visual system. The probability cueing paradigm provides evidence for habitual attention, which cannot be explained by the top-down and bottom-up attention dichotomy. In the current review article, we examined the key properties of the probability cueing effect and suggested a simple model of probability learning. In addition, we propose a possible direction of neuroimaging studies to test the suggested model and to explore the neural mechanisms of probability cueing effect.