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- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.35 No.1
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the strong influence of location probability learning(LPL) depending on the frequency of target appearance in various visual search environments. Experiment 1 confirmed the effect of controlling the expected value on the spatial attentional biases by target prevalence. The target is always frequently presented at a specific quadrant. Experiment 1A(Reward Value Control) was constructed that the expected value was manipulated to increase in the high-frequency quadrant by presenting high and low rewards with even distribution in all quadrants. Meanwhile, Experiment 1B(Expected Value Control) was constructed to control the expected value in all quadrants by presenting a lower reward when the target appeared in the high-frequency quadrant compared to the low-frequency quadrant. The difference in the visual search task of Experiment 2 was that reward cues were provided before beginning the search array to enhance the prospect of reward. In Experiment 3, the multi-target detection task was used to manipulate the induced situation with attentional competition among to-be-detected targets. As a result, all experiments showed that the reaction time in the high-frequency quadrant was significantly faster than in the low-frequency quadrant. These results suggest that the effect of LPL affected by the target prevalence is consistently robust in visual search environments with the controlled expected value and high reward prospect or increase of attentional competition.
Abstract
Choice-induced preference change (CIPC) refers to a change in one’s preference after making a choice. The present experiment is the first to examine whether a similar phenomenon occurs after non-preference based choices, such as in perceptual judgments. In the first phase, participants rated the perceived degree of morphing for each face stimulus. Next, two faces that had been rated similarly were presented side by side and participants were asked to choose the face which seemed to have been morphed to a greater degree. Lastly, participants re-evaluated the perceived degree of morphing for each face again. The results showed that the ratings of chosen faces increased whereas those of rejected faces decreased. The present study suggests that CIPC may not be limited to preference-based choices, but may be generalized to non-preference based decision making as in perceptual judgments and choices.
Abstract
Previous research suggests that memory is a constructive system that can be biased by prior knowledge. A recent study reported a new type of memory bias in which visual scenes are remembered more sharply and clearly than they did when they were being encoded. This vividness extension phenomenon, however, was only examined using scene stimuli. In the current study, we investigated whether face stimuli could show vividness extension. Although face stimuli are processed differently from scene stimuli on a cognitive and neurological level, we found that face stimuli are remembered more vividly in the same way as scene stimuli. This finding raises the possibility that the vividness extension phenomenon is a general visual memory bias that occurs independent of the stimulus category.
Abstract
Inconsistent evidence has been reported regarding the role of visual short-term memory (VSTM) load on attentional selection. Some studies demonstrated that maintaining large amount of information in VSTM enhanced attentional selection. Using similar experimental methods, however, others observed impaired attentional selection by VSTM load. Here, we attempted to replicate previous conflicting results and tested the role of VSTM load as a modulating factor on attentional selection. In Experiments 1~3, participants performed a flanker task while maintaining the colors and locations of visual objects in VSTM for change detection. Irrespective of stimulus configurations, condition orders, and memory set sizes, we failed to find evidence that VSTM load modulates flanker interference. By demonstrating that flanker interference did decrease by perceptual load in Experiment 4, we excluded the possibility that our current attentional selection measure might not be sensitive enough. Experiment 5 manipulated the spatial relationship between memory items and a flanker. When memory items and a flanker appeared on opposite sides of the center, flanker interference increased with VSTM load. When their positions were overlapped, however, flanker interference was not affected by VSTM load. In addition, individual difference analysis failed to find a reliable relationship between VSTM capacity estimates and flanker interference. The equivalence test showed that the modulating effects of VSTM load on flanker interference were only negligible. The current findings provide evidence against the assertion that VSTM load modulates attentional selection, and call for new models within which the dynamic relationships between working memory and visual selection are fully described and tested.