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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.35 No.2
Abstract
White's illusion is unique in that it differs from classical brightness contrast and assimilation illusions. Although White's illusion and brightness assimilation may appear similar, they are caused by different visual properties. This study aimed to investigate whether the mechanisms underlying White's illusion and brightness assimilation are the same. Experiment 1 investigated whether the length of the test stimulus and the thickness of the stimuli could affect brightness induction. The test stimulus was presented in the center of the inducing stimuli arranged in a square waveform. Experiment 2 investigated whether the number of inducing stimuli could affect brightness induction. The results showed that the perceived brightness of the test stimulus was systematically influenced by the length and thickness of the stimulus. This trend was maintained even when the number of inducing stimuli was controlled for. These results suggest that brightness induction could be explained by the responses of the primary visual cortex. Non-adjacent inducing stimuli also affected brightness perception, but the effect weakened as the distance from the test stimulus increased. This trend was observed in both White's illusion and classical brightness assimilation stimuli, indicating that White's illusion and classical brightness induction may occur due to a similar mechanism.
Abstract
People vary considerably in their social comparison orientation (SCO), which the extent (tendency) to which they compare themselves with others. Understanding individual differences in SCO is important, because it is associated with various types of rea-life outcomes. Therefore, using diffusion tensor imaging data from healthy young adults, I investigated not only the correlation between individual SCO and the fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values of the uncinate fasciculus (UF), associated with social-emotional processing, but also the correlation between individual SCO and each of demographic characteristics (age, sex, and duration of education). Multiple regression analyses were also preformed to test the ability of models with only demographic variables and models with demographic and brain variables to predict SCO. Correlation analyses revealed significant relationships between SCO and the FA and MD of UF. Additionally, age and duration of education were negative correlated with individual SCO, and women had higher SCO score than men. Multiple regression analyses revealed the model with sex, education, and UF FA better predicted individual SCO than others. These results provide novel insights into the predictors of individual SCO, showing the involvement of UF and some demographic information in individual differences in SCO.
Abstract
The current investigation sought to examine the potential influence of alerting, which pertains to the level of readiness to receive information, on the representation and visual recognition processing of Korean Eojeols in the mental lexicon, and whether these effects vary at the individual level. Words in Korean consist of two or more morphemes, and three information-processing hypotheses have been proposed: the decomposition hypothesis, which suggests that each morpheme that makes up a word is stored and processed independently in the mental lexicon; the full-list hypothesis, which suggests that the entire word itself is represented in the mental lexicon and processed; and the hybrid hypothesis, which suggests that both the decomposition and full-list hypotheses can be followed. To explore these hypotheses, a representative method is to investigate frequency effects in behavior responses during lexical decision tasks, which depend on whether Eojeol frequency or root frequency has a significant effect, and can support one of the information processing hypotheses. We hypothesized that individuals with higher levels of alerting would exhibit effective attentional allocation, which could facilitate the segmentation of Eojeol roots and postpositions, consistent with the decomposition hypothesis. To address this research question, both an attentional network task and an Eojeol decision task were administered. The findings revealed that the frequency of Eojeol roots exhibited a facilitative effect on Eojeol decision times exclusively among individuals with higher levels of alerting. As such, this study suggests that individual differences in alerting may be associated with the units of representation and processing in Korean Eojeols, thereby supporting a hybrid hypothesis in the processing of these linguistic units.
Abstract
Syllable plays an important role in Korean visual word recognition. Previous studies on syllable frequency effect have reported mixed results, which showed inhibitory effects in noun words while facilitative effects were shown in noun and verb Eojeols. Furthermore, most studies on Eojeols which reported facilitative effects of first syllable frequency employed correlation and regression approaches, which suggests the necessity of an experiment with factorial design. The present study carried out two lexical decision studies, employing noun Eojeols with 3 and 4 syllables in order to investigate the effects of first syllable frequency, controlling for Eojeol length, Eojeol frequency, and the number of meanings. High and low frequency of first syllable were compared in both experiments, while manipulating stem length. In Experiment 1, 3-syllable noun Eojeols were manipulated to have 1 or 2 stem length in syllables, while 4-syllable noun Eojeols were manipulated to have 2 or 3 stem length in syllables in Experiment 2. The results showed that facilitative effects of first syllable frequency regardless of stem length in lexical decision latencies and accuracy in both experiments. These results are in accordance with previous studies on Eojeol. To summarize, the present study was carried out to investigate syllable frequency effect in Eojeols while controlling other confounding factors, which showed robust facilitative effect of first syllable frequency irrelevant of Eojeol length, stem length, and Eojeol frequency. Therefore, the current results are discussed in terms of processing of Eojeol distinct from that of word.