Revisiting the Social Class: Focusing on the Conceptualization and Measurement in Psychology

사회계층이 인간의 삶에 미치는 지대한 영향으로 인해 서구 심리학에서는 사회계층에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 국내 심리학계에서는 심화되고 있는 사회계층화 현상에도 불구하고 학문적 관심은 미비하였으며, 그 개념이나 측정 또한 사회학에서 사용하는 방식을 그대로 차용하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 사회계층 연구의 중요성과 관심을 환기시키기 위해 사회계층이 무엇이며, 어떻게 측정할 것인가에 대한 기초적인 물음을 다루었다. 이를 위해 사회계층 측정과 관련된 다양한 이론적 배경을 살펴보고, 사회계층의 동의어로 사용되는 사회경제적 지위(SES)를 서로 비교하였다. 또한 사회계층 측정 방식을 객관적 사회계층과 주관식 사회계층으로 나누어 각 접근의 특성과 주요 사용 지표를 개관하였다. 마지막으로 국내 심리학에서 발표된 사회계층을 다룬 연구들을 수집, 검토함으로써 현재 사회계층 연구의 현황을 파악하였다. 대상 논문 총 23편 중 65.2%가 객관적 사회계층 지표를 사용하였으며 주로 사용된 지표는 학력, 소득, 직업 순이었다. 주관적 사회계층이 사용된 연구는 7편으로 모두 사회계층 정체성 측정 방식을 사용하였으며, 사회계층을 언급하는 용어로는 총 7가지로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 검토결과를 토대로 향후 연구에서는 사회계층 변인에 대한 보다 직접적 연구가 필요하다는 것, 사회경제적 지위보다 ‘사회계층’을 사용함으로써 용어의 통일성을 기하고, 객관적 지표와 주관적 사회계층 측정에 있어 유의점 등을 제안하였다.

keywords: social class, socioeconomic status(SES), social class measurement, objective social class, subjective social class, 사회계층, 사회경제적 지위, 사회계층의 측정, 객관적 사회계층, 주관적 사회계층

Abstract

Social class has become a major focus of research in the field of Western psychology due to its critical impact on human life. The Korean scholarship in psychology, however, has paid very little attention to the issue of social class despite the deepening of social stratification in the country; and the concepts and measurement they used were typically borrowed from sociology. In this study, I discussed what social class means and how it should be measured in order to emphasize the importance of the concept and its related issues. To this end, I examined a variety of theoretical backgrounds on the measurement of social class and the concept of socioeconomic status (SES)—a term commonly used as a synonym for social class. This study divided the method of measuring social class into objective social class and subjective social class, and outlined the characteristics of each approach and their main indicators. Finally, I assessed the recent trend in the Korean psychology on social class measurement. Among the 23 studies I have found, 65.2% used the objective social class index; and education was the objective indicator they most frequently employed, followed by income and occupation. Social stratification identity was used in all seven studies that applied subjective social class. And seven different words to describe social class was found. Based on these results, I concluded that there should be a call for more direct research on social class variables. In addition, I suggest that ‘social class’, instead of socioeconomic status, should be used as a preferred term in the future studies and propose a few notes on how to use the objective indicators and subjective social class measurement.

keywords: social class, socioeconomic status(SES), social class measurement, objective social class, subjective social class, 사회계층, 사회경제적 지위, 사회계층의 측정, 객관적 사회계층, 주관적 사회계층

참고문헌

강원택, 김병연, 안상훈, 이재열, 최인철 (2014). 당신은 중산층입니까 서울대 교수 5인의 계층 갈등 대해부. 21세기북스.

구재선, 서은국 (2012). 행복은 4년 후 학업성취를 예측한다. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 26(2), 35-50.

김범준 (2016). 사회계층의 심리: 문화적 사고성향(분석적-종합적 사고)과 사회비교성향. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 30(4), 19- 36.

김영모 (1979). 한국사회의 직업구조와 그 변동에 관한 연구. 인문사회과학, 23.

김영혜, 안현의 (2014). 대학생의 부모-자녀 유대, 부모의 사회경제적 지위와 진로결정 관계에서 성취압력 및 진로결정자기효능감의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 26(3), 657-684.

김의철, 박영신, 박동현 (2001). 청소년의 안전사고에 대한 표상과 안전효능감. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 7(2), 39-63.

김정원, 오경자 (1993). 청소년기 우울과 비행간의 관계. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 12(2), 126-141.

권순걸 (2017. 5. 3). “제 딸이 ‘싸구려 아파트에 산다’며 왕따를 당합니다”. 인사이트. http://www.insight.co. kr/news Read.php?ArtNo =103935에서 검색.

권태환, 홍두승, 설동훈 (2009). 사회학의 이해. 다산출판사.

10.

박영신, 김의철 (1998). 청소년 비행과 성취행동. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 4(1), 29-53.

11.

박영신, 김의철 (2009). 한국 청소년의 행복: 심리적, 관계적, 경제적 자원과 학업성취의 영향. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 15(3), 399-429.

12.

박영신, 김정희, 전성숙 (2016). 가족형태별 중년 성인의 노부모 부양인식과 관련 변인에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 22(3), 455-485.

13.

박혜경 (2015). 도덕판단과 처벌판단에서 사회경제적 지위의 역할에 대한 개관. 한국심리학회지: 법정, 6(1), 53-69.

14.

박혜숙, 김양곤 (2014). 한국 청소년의 정서, 가정, 또래 및 학교환경 특성이 비행에 미치는 영향 탐색. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 28(2), 119-143.

15.

배문숙 (2016. 12. 13). 新 계급사회, 국민 5명 중 3명 계층 이동 불가능하다. 헤럴드경제. http://news.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud= 20161213000263에서 검색.

16.

백혜정 (2009). 성별에 따른 청소년들의 가정환경과 비행 경험 관계에서의 부모의 지지와 자기통제의 매개 효과. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 22(4), 37-56.

17.

손인서, 김승섭 (2015). 한국의 차별경험과 건강 연구에 대한 체계적 문헌고찰. 보건사회연구, 35(1), 26-57.

18.

송보라, 이기학 (2014). 인간생태체계 모형(Human Ecosystem Model)을 바탕으로 한 진로적응성과 가족환경 요인들 간의 관계모형 검증. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 19(3), 211-232.

19.

양국선, 장성숙 (2001). 학교적응유연성과 관련된 보호요인 특성 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 13(3), 127-148.

20.

염미경. 사회계층론. 형설출판사. http://te rms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2073307&cid=44412&categoryId=44412에서 검색.

21.

오은경, 최 미, 최한나 (2016). 국내 다문화 상담 연구 동향: 학술지 및 학위 논문 분석(1993~ 2016. 7). 상담학연구, 17(5), 223 -242.

22.

이도경, 구자창, 안규영 (2017. 7. 11). [단독] ‘계층 사다리’는 끊어졌다. 서울 7개 의대 소득분위 최초 분석. 국민일보. http://v.medIa.daum.net/v/20170711182700262? rcmd=rn에서 검색.

23.

이병태 (2017. 7. 16). 젊은이들에게 가슴에서 호소합니다. [페이스북]. https://www. facebook.com/byungtae.lee.9/posts/ 10155300133230708에서 검색.

24.

이소은 (2000). 유아의 일상활동과 자기 주도성. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 13(1), 35-48.

25.

이지연, 곽금주 (2008). 아동초기 사회경제적 지위(SES)와 가정환경이 언어발달에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 21(3), 151 -165.

26.

임진영 (2001). 아동의 지능발달과 가정환경 간의 교호적 상호작용에 관한 구조방정식 모형. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 14(2), 43-64.

27.

이철우 (2017). 신사회학 초대 5판. 학지사.

28.

이학식, 임지훈 (2017). 구조방정식 모형분석과 AMOS 24. 집현재.

29.

장성숙 (2003). 한국문화와 현실역동상담의 상담자-내담자 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 15(2), 147-160.

30.

장유경, 성지현 (2011). 영아, 어머니, 가정의 사회경제적 특성이 24개월 영아의 표현어휘 습득에 미치는 상대적 영향. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 24(2), 137-154.

31.

정은의, 노안영 (2007). 사회경제적 요인과 기혼여성 행복간 관계. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 26(1), 59-82.

32.

정진희 (2016). ‘교차성’은 차별을 설명하는 유용한 개념인가?. 마르크스21, 16, 36-50.

33.

조용래, 양상식 (2013). 자연재난 생존자들의 장기적인 심리적 증상들에 대한 예측요인으로서 외상 당시의 해리, 외상 후 부정적 신념 및 사회적 지지 부족. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(4), 955-979.

34.

천소라, 김성태 (2017). 소득분위별 실질구매력 변화와 시사점. 한국개발연구원. http://www. kdi.re.kr/research/analysis_view.jsp?pub_no= 15185&art_no=2851에서 검색.

35.

최승혁, 허태균. (2012). 잘난 사람의 범죄는?. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 26(4), 127- 140.

36.

최영은, 최미혜, 남민지 (2013). 사회 경제적 지위에 따른 학령 전기 아동의 실행 기능 발달. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 26(4), 107- 123.

37.

최필선, 민인식 (2015). 부모의 교육과 소득수준이 세대 간 이동성과 기회불균등에 미치는 영향. 사회과학연구, 22(3), 31-56.

38.

통계청 (2016). 2016년 가계금융․복지조사 결과. http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/4/ 1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=358202에서 검색.

39.

통계청 (2017). 2017년 가계금융·복지조사 결과. http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/ kor_nw/2/1 /index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq= 365327&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&sTarget=title&sTxt=에서 검색.

40.

하영희, 김경연 (2003). 청소년의 도덕적 금지행동과 개인 및 가정환경 변인간의 인과관계. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 17(1), 17-30.

41.

하영희, Garolyn Pope Edwards (2005). 부모와 형제에 대한 초기청소년의 친사회적 행동에 영향을 미치는 부모애착, 사회경제적 지위 및 조망수용. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 11(1), 43-57.

42.

하은혜, 오경자, 송동호 (2003). 청소년기 우울 및 불안증상 공존집단의 심리사회적 위험요인. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 22(2), 127-144.

43.

한완상, 한균자 (2000). 인간과 사회. 한국방송통신대학교출판부.

44.

홍두승 (1983). 직업분석을 통한 계층연구: 한국표준직업분류를 중심으로. 사회과학과 정책연구, 5(3), 69-87.

45.

홍두승, 구해근 (2001). 사회계층・계급론. 다산출판사.

46.

홍영오, 송관재, 박수애, 이혜진, 이재창 (2006). 한국 사회의 사회적 불안에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 12(1), 129-160.

47.

Adler, N. E. (2009). Health disparities through a psychological lens. American Psychologist, 64(8), 663-673.

48.

Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White women. Health psychology, 19(6), 586-592.

49.

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2000). Resolution on Poverty and Socioeconomic Status. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ about/policy/poverty-resolution.aspx

50.

Arber, S. (1989). Gender and class inequalities in health: understanding the differentials. Health inequalities in European countries, 250-279.

51.

Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C. S., Suwalsky, J. T., & Haynes, O. M. (2003). The Hollingshead four-factor index of social status and the socioeconomic index of occupations. Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development, 29-81.

52.

Bourdieu, P. (1985). The social space and the genesis of groups. Information (International Social Science Council), 24(2), 195-220.

53.

Bourdieu, P. (1987). What makes a social class? On the theoretical and practical existence of groups. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 32, 1-17.

54.

Boyce, C. J., Brown, G. D. A., & Moore, S. C. (2010). Money and happiness: Rank of income, not income, affects life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 21(4), 471-475.

55.

Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Chideya, S., Marchi, K. S., Metzler, M., & Posner, S. (2005). Socioeconomic status in health research: one size does not fit all. Jama, 294(22), 2879-2888.

56.

Brown, M. T., Fukunaga, C., Umemoto, D., & Wicker, L. (1996). Annual review, 1990-1996: Social class, work, and retirement behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(2), 159-189.

57.

Chen, E., Matthews, K. A., & Boyce, W. T. (2002). Socioeconomic differences in children’s health: How and why do these relationships change with age? Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 295-329.

58.

Cundiff, J. M., & Matthews, K. A. (2017). Is subjective social status a unique correlate of physical health? A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 36(12), 1109-1125.

59.

Curhan, K. B., Levine, C. S., Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S., Park, J., Karasawa, M., ... & Ryff, C. D. (2014). Subjective and objective hierarchies and their relations to psychological well-being: A US/Japan comparison. Social psychological and personality science, 5(8), 855-864.

60.

Diemer, M. A., Mistry, R. S., Wadsworth, M. E., López, I., & Reimers, F. (2013). Best practices in conceptualizing and measuring social class in psychological research. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 13(1), 77-113.

61.

Diemer, M. A., & Ali, S. B. (2009). Integrating social class into vocational psychology: Theory and practice implications. Journal of Career Assessment, 17(3), 247-265.

62.

Domhoff, G. W. (1998). Who rules America?: Power and politics in the year 2000. McGraw-Hill Humanities, Social Sciences & World Languages.

63.

Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. A. (2003). Off with Hollingshead: Socioeconomic resources, parenting, and child development. In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 83-106). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

64.

Galobardes, B., Shaw, M., Lawlor, D. A., Lynch, J. W., & Smith, G. D. (2006). Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1). Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(1), 7-12.

65.

Goodman, E., Adler, N. E., Kawachi, I., Frazier, A. L., Huang, B., & Colditz, G. A. (2001). Adolescents' perceptions of social status: development and evaluation of a new indicator. Pediatrics, 108(2), 31-38.

66.

Hall, E. (2011). Putting the Class into Classical Reception. In Hardwick, L., & Stray, C. (Ed.), A Companion to Classical Receptions (pp. 386-398). John Wiley & Sons.

67.

Hardaway, C. R., & McLoyd, V. C. (2009). Escaping poverty and securing middle class status: How race and socioeconomic status shape mobility prospects for African Americans during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(2) 242-256.

68.

Hauser, R. M., & Warren, J. R. 1997. Socioeconomic indexes for occupations: A review, update, and critique. Sociological Methodolgy, 27(1), 177-298.

69.

Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Retrieved from https://s3.amazo naws.com/academia.edu.documents/30754699/yjs_fall_2011.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1516109880&Signature=7tzKQrQq%2BuHmsKDHG3h5O3Kzz14%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DAugust_B._Hollingshead_s_Four_Factor_Ind.pdf

70.

Horberg, E. J., Oveis, C., Keltner, D., & Cohen, A. B. (2009). Disgust and the moralization of purity. Journal of personality and social psychology, 97(6), 963-976.

71.

Isaac, M. (2006). Class dynamics, counselling and psychotherapy. In S. Wheeler (Ed.), Difference and diversity in counselling: Contemporary psychodynamic perspectives (pp. 156-170). Basingstoke: Palgrave.

72.

Jetten, J., Iyer, A., Tsivrikos, D., & Young, B. M. (2008). When is individual mobility costly? The role of economic and social identity factors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(5), 866-879.

73.

Jones, F. L., & McMillan, J. (2001). Scoring occupational categories for social research: A review of current practice, with Australian examples. Work, Employment and Society, 15(3), 539-563.

74.

Kiselica, M. S., & Robinson, M. (2001). Bringing advocacy counseling to life: The history, issues, and human dramas of social justice work in counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79(4), 387-397.

75.

Kraus, M. W., Adler, N., & Chen, T. D. (2013). Is the association of subjective SES and self-rated health confounded by negative mood? An experimental approach. Health Psychology, 32(2), 138-145.

76.

Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., & Keltner, D. (2010). Social class, contextualism, and empathic accuracy. Psychological science, 21(11), 1716- 1723.

77.

Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2009). Signs of socioeconomic status: A thin-slicing approach. Psychological science, 20(1), 99-106.

78.

Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D. (2009). Social class, sense of control, and social explanation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 97(6), 992-1004.

79.

Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D. (2011). Social class as culture: The convergence of resources and rank in the social realm. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 246-250.

80.

Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor. Psychological Review, 119(3), 546-572.

81.

Kraus, M. W., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Piff, P. K. (2012). The intersection of resources and rank: Signaling social class in face-to-face encounters. Facing social class: How societal rank influences interaction, 152-172.

82.

Kraus, M. W., & Stephens, N. M. (2012). A road map for an emerging psychology of social class. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(9), 642-656.

83.

Krieger, N., Williams, D. R., & Moss, N. E. (1997). Measuring social class in US public health research: Concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annual review of public health, 18(1), 341-378.

84.

Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Univ of California Press.

85.

Lau M. Y., Cho R. J., Chang J. J., & Huang J. (2013). Measurement and methodological issues in social class research: A call for theorization and study. In Liu W. M. (Ed.), The oxford handbook of social class in counseling (pp. 59-78). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

86.

Liu, W. M. (2010). Problems in Social Class Measurement and Research. In Liu W. M., Social class and classism in the helping professions: Research, theory, and practice (pp. 46-74). Sage Publications.

87.

Liu, W. M. (2012). Developing a social class and classism consciousness. In Liu W. M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 326-345). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.

88.

Liu, W. M. (2013). Introduction to social class and classism in counseling psychology. In Liu W. M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of social class in counseling (pp. 3-20). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.

89.

Liu, W. M., Ali, S. B., Soleck, G., Hopps, J., Dunston, K., & Pickett, T. (2004). Using social class in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 3-18.

90.

Liu, W. M., Soleck, G., Hopps, J., Dunston, K., & Pickett, T. (2004). A new framework to understand social class in counseling: The social class worldview model and modern classism theory. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(2), 95-122.

91.

Loignon, A. C., & Woehr, D. J. (2018). Social class in the organizational sciences: a conceptual integration and meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 44(1), 61-88.

92.

Lorant, V., Deliege, D., Eaton, W., Robert, A., Philippot, P., & Ansseau, M. (2003). Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(2), 98-112.

93.

Lott, B. (2002). Cognitive and behavioral distancing from the poor. American Psychologist, 57(2), 100-110.

94.

Lucal, B. (1994). Class Stratification in Introductory Textbooks: Relational or Distributional Models?. Teaching Sociology, 22(2), 139-150.

95.

Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., Cohen, R. D., Tuomilehto, J., & Salonen, J. T. (1996). Do cardiovascular risk factors explain the relation between socioeconomic status, risk of all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality, and acute myocardial infarction? American Journal of Epidemiology, 144(10), 934-942.

96.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.

97.

Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1973). Manifesto of the communist party. In Karl Marx, The revolutions of 1848: Political writings (Vol. 1, pp. 62-98). Harmondsworth, United Kingdom: Penguin. (Original work published 1848).

98.

Miranda, J., Chung, J. Y., Green, B. L., Krupnick, J., Siddique, J., Revicki, D. A., & Belin, T. (2003). Treating depression in predominantly lowincome young minority women: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(1), 57-65.

99.

Mistry, R. S., Brown, C. S., White, E. S., Chow, K. A., & Gillen-O'Neel, C. (2015). Elementary school children's reasoning about social class: A mixed‐methods study. Child development, 86(5), 1653-1671.

100.

Monsivais, P., & Drewnowski, A. (2009). Lower- energy-density diets are associated with higher monetary costs per kilocalorie and are consumed by women of higher socioeconomic status. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(5), 814-822.

101.

Oakes, J. M., & Rossi, P. H. (2003). The measurement of SES in health research: current practice and steps toward a new approach. Social science & medicine, 56(4), 769-784.

102.

Ostrove, J. M., Adler, N. E., Kuppermann, M., & Washington, A. E. (2000). Objective and subjective assessments of socioeconomic status and their relationship to self-rated health in an ethnically diverse sample of pregnant women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 613-618.

103.

Park, J., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Coe, C. L., Miyamoto, Y., Karasawa, M., ... & Ryff, C. D. (2013). Social status and anger expression: the cultural moderation hypothesis. Emotion, 13(6), 1122.

104.

Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., Cheng, B. H., & Keltner, D. (2010). Having less, giving more: the influence of social class on prosocial behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 99(5), 771-784.

105.

Pingle, M., & Mitchell, M. (2002). What motivates positional concerns for income?. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23(1), 127-148.

106.

Pope, J. F., & Arthur, N. (2009). Socioeconomic status and class: A challenge for the practice of psychology in Canada. Canadian Psychology, 50(2), 55-65.

107.

Pope-Davis, D. B., & Coleman, H. L. (2001). The intersection of race, class, and gender in multicultural counseling. Sage.

108.

Ranchor, A. V., Bouma, J., & Sanderman, R. (1996). Vulnerability and social class: Differential patterns of personality and social support over the social classes. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(2), 229-237.

109.

Ross, C. E., & Wu, C. (1995). The links between education and health. American Sociological Review, 719-745.

110.

Rubin, M., Denson, N., Kilpatrick, S., Matthews, K. E., Stehlik, T., & Zyngier, D. (2014). “I am working-class”: Subjective self-definition as a missing measure of social class and socioeconomic status in higher education research. Educational Researcher, 43(4), 196-200.

111.

Saegert, S. C., Adler, N. E., Bullock, H. E., Cauce, A. M., Liu, W. M., & Wyche, K. F. (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on socioeconomic status. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://gsappweb.rutgers.edu/cstudents/readings/Summer/Kelly_Diversity/APA%202006%20task% 20force%20on%20SES.pdf

112.

Santiago, C. D., Kaltman, S., & Miranda, J. (2013). Poverty and Mental Health: How Do Low‐Income Adults and Children Fare in Psychotherapy?. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(2), 115-126.

113.

Shanks, T. R. W., & Destin, M. (2009). Parental expectations and educational outcomes for young African American adults: Do household assets matter? Race and Social Problems, 1(1), 27-35.

114.

Shavers, V. L. (2007). Measurement of socioeconomic status in health disparities research. Journal of the national medical association, 99(9), 1013-1023.

115.

Sherry, A., Adelman, A., Farwell, L., & Linton, B. (2013). The impact of social class on parenting and attachment. The Oxford Handbook of Social Class in Counseling, 1, 275.

116.

Singh-Manoux, A., Adler, N. E., & Marmot, M. G. (2003). Subjective social status: Its determinants and its association with measures of ill-health in the Whitehall II study. Social Science & Medicine, 56, 1321-1333.

117.

Singh-Manoux, A., Marmot, M. G., & Adler, N. E. (2005). Does subjective social status predict health and change in health status better than objective status? Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 855-861.

118.

Snibbe, A. C., & Markus, H. R. (2005). You can't always get what you want: educational attainment, agency, and choice. Journal of personality and social psychology, 88(4), 703-720.

119.

Stephens, N. M., Brannon, T. N., Markus, H. R., & Nelson, J. E. (2015). Feeling at home in college: Fortifying school‐relevant selves to reduce social class disparities in higher education. Social Issues and Policy Review, 9(1), 1-24.

120.

Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., Markus, H. R., Johnson, C. S., & Covarrubias, R. (2012). Unseen disadvantage: How American universities’ focus on independence undermines the academic performance of first-generation college students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1178-1197.

121.

Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Fryberg, S. A. (2012). Social class disparities in health and education: Reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior. Psychological Review, 119(4), 723-744.

122.

Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Townsend, S. S. (2007). Choice as an act of meaning: the case of social class. Journal of personality and social psychology, 93(5), 814-830.

123.

Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. (2013). Rank is not enough: Why we need a sociocultural perspective to understand social class. Psychological Inquiry, 24(2), 126-130.

124.

Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & Phillips, L. T. (2012). A cultural mismatch: Independent cultural norms produce greater increases in cortisol and more negative emotions among first-generation college students. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(6), 1389-1393.

125.

Varnum, M. E., & Kitayama, S. (2017). The neuroscience of social class. Current opinion in psychology.

126.

Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism(T. Parsons, Trans.). New York, NY: Scribner.

127.

Williams, D. R. (1990). Socioeconomic differentials in health: A review and redirection. Social psychology quarterly, 81-99.

128.

Wohlfarth, T. (1997). Socioeconomic inequality and psychopathology: Are socioeconomic status and social class interchangeable?. Social Science & Medicine, 45(3), 399-410.

129.

Wright, E. O. (1979). Class structure and income determination (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press.

130.

Wright, E. O. (1997). Class counts: Comparative studies in class analysis. Cambridge University Press.

131.

Yeung, W. J., & Conley, D. (2008). The Black-White achievement gap and family wealth. Child Development, 79(2), 303-324.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.24 No.1

사회계층에 대한 재조명: 심리학에서 개념화 및 측정을 중심으로

Revisiting the Social Class: Focusing on the Conceptualization and Measurement in Psychology

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제