- 권한신청
- P-ISSN1229-0661
- E-ISSN1229-0661
- KCI
성폭력 피해 주장 여성에 대한 인식: 주체성과 판단자 성별의 효과
Perception of women who claim sexual assault: The effects of agency and perceivers’ gender
김현정 (충북대학교)
김태경 (우석대학교)
박상희 (충북대학교)
초록
본 연구에서는 성폭력 피해 주장 여성이 주체적인 모습을 보일 때 피해 주장 여성에 더 부정적인 판단을, 가해 혐의 남성에게는 더 너그러운 판단을 하게 될 것이라는 가설을 세워 이를 검증하였다. 또한 이 현상은 주체적인 피해 주장 여성이 피해자다움과 여성성에서 벗어났기 때문일 것으로 예상하여 이들을 매개변인으로 설정하였고, 더불어 남성 참가자들은 여성 참가자들보다 주체적인 피해 주장 여성을 덜 긍정적으로 볼 것으로 판단하여 참가자 성별을 조절변인으로 설정했다. 연구 결과, 가설과 달리 참가자들은 피해 주장 여성이 주체적으로 묘사된 경우 그 여성을 덜 비난하고, 더 긍정적이고 더 진실되어 보인다고 평가하였으며, 가해 혐의 남성에게 유죄와 형량을 더 주었다. 하지만 여성 참가자들보다 남성 참가자들이 주체적인 피해 주장 여성을 덜 긍정적으로 평가하여 예측한 참가자 성별의 조절효과가 확인되었다. 한편 매개효과의 경우 지각된 진실성에서 가설과 일치하는 결과가 도출되었는데, 참가자들은 주체적인 피해 주장 여성이 더 피해자답지 않다고 보았고 그것이 더 낮은 지각된 진실성을 예측했다. 또한 피해 주장 여성이 주체적으로 행동하여 지각된 여성성이 낮다고 여겨질수록 남성 참가자들은 피해 주장 여성 비난을 더 하였고 여성 참가자들은 긍정적인 인상 평가를 더 하였다.
- keywords
- 성폭력, 피해자다움, 피해자 비난, 주체성, 성차, sexual assualt, victim stereotype, victim blame, agency, gender difference
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a woman who claims sexual assault would be evaluated more negatively, and the suspected man would be judged more leniently, when the woman is agentic. In addition, we expected that this phenomenon would occur because the agentic accuser does not conform to the ‘sexual crime victim’ stereotype or feminine norms, and considered these as mediator variables. We also postulated that male (vs. female) participants would have a less positive regard of the agentic accuser and tested participant gender’s moderating effects. Contrary to our hypothesis, participants criticized the agentic (vs. non-agentic) woman who claims sexual assault less and perceived her more positively and truthfully, and more likely to judged the suspected man to be guilty and recommended longer sentences. However, we observed the expected moderating effects of participant gender, so that male (vs. female) participants evaluated the agentic accuser more negatively. Mediation analyses yielded results on perceived truthfulness that were consistent with our hypothesis: Participants thought of agentic accuser as less feminine, which predicted less perceived truthfulness. Also, the less the agentic accuser was perceived to be feminine, male participants blamed her more while female participants had more positive impressions of her.
- keywords
- 성폭력, 피해자다움, 피해자 비난, 주체성, 성차, sexual assualt, victim stereotype, victim blame, agency, gender difference
참고문헌
권인숙 (2015). 성폭력 피해에 관한 다양한 통념 비판. 우리가 말하는 피해자란 없다. 3-43. 4월 24일. 서울: 정동 프란치스코 교육회관 211호.
권해수 (2007). 성폭력 피해 여성의 치유 경험. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 13(4), 53-82.
김민정, 양정운 (2015). 성폭력 피해의 극복가능성: 피해, 생존, 그리고 성장. 우리가 말하는 피해자란 없다. 47-67. 4월 24일. 서울: 정동 프란치스코 교육회관 211호.
김훈남 (2013). “성폭행 어떻게?” 피해女 법정 증언후 자살하자…. 중앙일보.https://news.joins.com/article/12413447
여성가족부 (2016). 2016년 전국 성폭력 실태조사결과보고서.
이하나 (2019). 강력범죄 피해자 90%는 여성… 서울 여성 2명 중 1명 “불안하다”. 여성신문.https://www.womennews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=184792
정로사, 김태경 (2017). 아동기 성폭력 피해의 비폭로 요인- 폭로하지 않은 채 성인이 된 여성들을 중심으로. 피해자학연구, 24(4), 121-151.
심미혜 (2011). 한국 대학생의 성역할정체감과 성차별의식 및 군대에 대한 태도에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 17(1), 1-17.
추지현, 권인숙 (2017). 가해자와의 관계가 피해자의 성폭력후유증에 미치는 영향. 교정복지연구, 48, 179-203.
한국성폭력상담소 (2017). 2017년 한국성폭력상담소 상담통계 및 상담 동향분석.
허민숙 (2016). 성폭력 무고의 재해석. 한국여성학, 32(2), 1-29.
허민숙 (2017). “너 같은 피해자를 본 적이 없다”: 성폭력 피해자 무고죄 기소를 통해 본 수사과정의 비합리성과 피해자다움의 신화. 한국여성학, 33(3), 1-31.doi:10.30719/JKWS.2017.09.33.3.1
허선주, 조은경 (2012). 성폭력 범죄 피해자의 2차 피해에 대한 국내외 연구동향. 피해자학연구, 20(1), 381-415.
Amaka-Okafor, V. (2013, January 14). Nigeria has a rape culture too. Guardian Africa Network.
Argyle, M. (1994). The psychology of social class. London and New York: Routledge.
Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence: An essay on psychology and religion. Oxford, UK: Rand McNally.
Benedict, H. (1993). Virgin or vamp: How the press covers sex crimes. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
Bongiorno, R., Langbroek, C., Bain, P. G., Ting, M., & Ryan, M. K. (2020). Why women are blamed for being sexually harassed: The effects of empathy for female victims and male perpetrators. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(1), 11-27. doi:10.1177/ 0361684319868730
Bongiorno, R., McKimmie, B. M., & Masser, B. M. (2016). The selective use of rape-victim stereotypes to protect culturally similar perpetrators. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 398-413.doi:10.1177/0361684316631932
Buddie, A. M., & Miller, A. G. (2001). Beyond rape myths: A more complex view of perceptions of rape victims. Sex Roles, 45(3-4), 139-160. doi:10.1023/A:1013575209803
Butler, D., & Geis, F. L. (1990). Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: Implications for leadership evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 48- 59. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.48
Bryant, S. A., & Spencer, G. A. (2003). University students’ attitudes about attributing blame in domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 18(6), 369-376. doi:10.1023/A:1026205817132
Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Selby, J. W., & Magee, D. L. (1981). Victim emotional response: Effects on social reaction to victims of rape. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20(1), 17-21. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1981.tb00468.x
Calhoun, L. G., Selby, J. W., & Warring, L. J. (1976). Social perception of the victim's causal role in rape: An exploratory examination of four factors. Human Relations, 29(6), 517-526. doi:10.1177/001872677602900602
Capezza, N. M., & Arriaga, X. B. (2008). Factors associated with acceptance of psychological aggression against women. Violence Against Women, 14(6), 612-633.doi:10.1177/1077801208319004
Christie, N. (1986). The ideal victim. In. E. A. Fattah (Ed.) From cime policy to victim policy. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.doi:10.1007/978-1-349-08305-3_2
Cook, B., David, F., & Grant, A. (2001). Sexual violence in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology.
Grubb, A., & Harrower, J. (2008). Attribution of blame in cases of rape: An analysis of participant gender, type of rape and perceived similarity to the victim. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(5), 396-405. doi:10.1016/j.avb. 2008.06.006
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York:, NY, The Guilford Press.
Howard, J. A. (1984). The “normal” victim: The effects of gender stereotypes on reactions to victims. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47(3), 270-281. doi:10.2307/3033824
Johnson, J. D., Jackson, L. A., & Smith, G. J. (1989). The role of ambiguity and gender in mediating the effects of salient cognitions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(1), 52-60. doi:10.1177/0146167289151005
Jordan, J. (2001). Worlds apart? Women, rape and the police reporting process. The British Journal of Criminology, 41(4), 679-706.doi:10.1093/bjc/41.4.679
Kalu, W. (2004). Violence against women in Africa: Impact of culture on womanhood. In L. Adler, & F. Denmark (Eds.) International Perspectives on Violence (pp. 185-213). Westport, CT, US: Praeger Publishers.
Kleinke, C. L., & Meyer, C. (1990). Evaluation of rape victim by men and women with high and low belief in a just world. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14(3), 343-353.doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00024.x
Koch, S. C. (2005). Evaluative affect display toward male and female leaders of task-oriented groups. Small Group Research, 36(6), 678-703.doi:10.1177/1046496405281768
Krulewitz, J. E. (1982). Reactions to rape victims: Effects of rape circumstances, victim's emotional response, and sex of helper. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(6), 645-654.doi:10.1037/0022-0167.29.6.645
Masser, B., Lee, K., & McKimmie, B. M. (2010). Bad woman, bad victim? Disentangling the effects of victim stereotypicality, gender stereotypicality and benevolent sexism on acquaintance rape victim blame. Sex Roles, 62(7-8), 494-504.doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9648-y
McGregor, M. J., Wiebe, E., Marion, S. A., & Livingstone, C. (2000). Why don't more women report sexual assault to the police? CMAJ, 162(5), 659-660.doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.077
Meston, C. M. (1999). Attitudes toward rape: Feminist and social psychological perspectives. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28(5), 444-446.
Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., & Tormala, Z. L. (2002). Thought confidence as a determinant of persuasion: The self-validation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 722. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.722
Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn't be, are allowed to be, and don't have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 269-281. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066
Rudman, L. A., & Kilianski, S. E. (2000). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward female authority. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(11), 1315-1328. doi:10.1177/0146167200263001
Rudman, L. A., Moss-Racusin, C. A., Phelan, J. E., & Nauts, S. (2012). Status incongruity and backlash effects: Defending the gender hierarchy motivates prejudice against female leaders. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 165-179. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.008
Rudman, L. A., & Phelan, J. E. (2008). Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 61-79.doi:10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.003
Schneider, L. J., Ee, J. S. C., & Aronson, H. (1994). Effects of victim gender and physical vs. psychological trauma/injury on observers' perceptions of sexual assault and its aftereffects. Sex Roles, 30(11-12), 793-808. doi:10.1007/BF01544232
Schuller, R. A., McKimmie, B. M., Masser, B. M., & Klippenstine, M. A. (2010). Judgments of sexual assault: The impact of complainant emotional demeanor, gender, and victim stereotypes. New Criminal Law Review: In International and Interdisciplinary Journal, 13(4), 759-780. doi:10.1525/nclr.2010.13.4.759
Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Holahan, C. K. (1979). Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(10), 1673-1682.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1673
Stewart, M. W., Dobbin, S. A., & Gatowski, S. I. (1996). “Real rapes” and “real victims”: The shared reliance on common cultural definitions of rape. Feminist Legal Studies, 4(2), 159-177. doi:10.1007/BF02167608
Terman, L. M., & Miles, C. C. (1936). Sex and personality: Studies in masculinity and femininity. New York, NY, US: McGraw-Hill.
Thapan, M. (1997). Embodiment: Essays on gender and identity. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2012). Agentic and communal values: Their scope and measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(1), 39-52.doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.627968
Valenti, J. (2009). The purity myth: How America's obsession with virginity is hurting young women. Berkeley, CA, US: Seal Press.
Wiggins, J. S. (1991). Agency and communion as conceptual coordinates for the understanding and measurement of interpersonal behavior. In D. Cicchetti, & W. M. Grove (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology: Essays in honor of Paul E. Meehl. Vol. 2: Personality and Psychopathology (pp. 89-113). Minneapolis, MN, US: University of Minnesota Press.
Winkel, F. W., & Koppelaar, L. (1991). Rape victims' style of self-presentation and secondary victimization by the environment: An experiment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6(1), 29-40. doi:10.1177/088626091006001003
Workman, J. E., & Freeburg, E. W. (1999). An examination of date rape, victim dress, and perceiver variables within the context of attribution theory. Sex Roles, 41(3-4), 261-277. doi:10.1023/A:1018858313267
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수