- P-ISSN1229-0661
- E-ISSN1229-0661
- KCI
고의성 판단에 확증편향이 미치는 영향: 범죄의 전형성 및 심각성의 역할
The Effect of confirmation bias on Intentionality Judgment: The Role of Crime Typicality and Seriousness
초록
본 연구는 형사사법판단 분야에서 광범위하게 판단 오류를 발생시키는 확증편향이 고의성 판단에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해, 사건 가해자 및 피해자의 도덕적 특성을 다르게 조합한 중상해 사건과 사망 사건에서 확증편향이 고의성 판단에 영향을 미치는 심리적 기제를 확인하였다. 연구 결과, 참가자들은 사건 가해자와 피해자 모두 나쁜 사람들이 연루된 사건을 더 전형적인 범죄사건이라고 지각했고, 이러한 전형적인 범죄사건의 가해자에게 더 높은 고의성을 부여하였다. 특히, 확증편향이 높은 사람들은 더욱 범죄사건에 대한 고정관념과 일관된 방향으로 사건 가해자의 고의성을 높게 판단하는 것으로 나타났다. 그런데, 심각한 범죄사건에서는 이러한 확증편향의 조절효과가 사라지고 범죄의 전형성 효과만 나타나는 경향이 있었다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 의의와 함께 고의성 판단을 왜곡시키는 편향을 감소시킬 수 있는 방안에 대해 논의하였다.
- keywords
- confirmation bias, crime typicality, crime seriousness, moral character, intentionality judgment, 확증편향, 범죄의 전형성, 범죄의 심각성, 도덕적 특성, 고의성 판단
Abstract
Confirmation bias is well known to be the cause of widespread misjudgment in the field of forensic decision-making. In this study, we examined the psychological mechanisms by which confirmation bias affects intentionality judgment in serious injury and death cases that combine the moral characteristics of the perpetrator and victim differently. As a result, participants perceived the case as a more typical criminal case when both the perpetrator and victim were bad people, and gave higher intention to perpetrators’ actions in these typical crimes. In particular, it was found that people with a high degree of confirmation bias highly judge the intention of the offenders in a consistent way with the stereotype of criminal cases. However, in serious criminal cases, the moderate effect of confirmation bias has disappeared and only the effect of crime typicality has existed. Finally, we discussed implications of this study and ways to reduce bias in intentionality judgment.
- keywords
- confirmation bias, crime typicality, crime seriousness, moral character, intentionality judgment, 확증편향, 범죄의 전형성, 범죄의 심각성, 도덕적 특성, 고의성 판단
참고문헌
김상준 (2013). 무죄판결과 법관의 사실인정에 관한 연구: 항소심의 파기자판 사례들을 중심으로. 서울대학교 법학전문대학원 박사학위논문.
김일수, 서보학 (2008). 새로 쓴 형법총론(제11판). 서울: 박영사.
김청택, 최인철 (2010). 법정의사결정에서의 판사들의 인지편향. 서울대학교 법학, 51(4), 317-345. uci:G704-002133.2010.51.4.008
김한균 (2010). 형법상 모살․고살 구분과 영미형법의 살인죄. 형사법연구, 22(4), 183- 209. doi:10.21795/kcla.2010.22.4.183
사법연수원 (2011). 형사증거법 및 사실인정론. 경기도: 사법연수원 출판부.
최승혁, 허태균 (2020a). 형사사건에서의 고의성 판단: 도덕적 특성의 역할. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 26(1), 25-45. doi:10.20406/kjcs.2020.2.26.1.25
최승혁, 허태균 (2020b). 그들이라면...그럴만하지: 범죄 고의성 판단에서 도덕적 특성과 범죄 전형성의 역할. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 34(2), 55-74.doi:10.21193/kjspp.2020.34.2.004
Alicke, M. D. (2000). Culpable control and the psychology of blame. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 556-574. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.126.4.556
Alicke, M. D. (2008). Blaming badly. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 8, 179-186.doi:10.1163/156770908X289279
Alicke, M. D., & Rose, D. (2012). Culpable control and causal deviance. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(10), 723-735. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00459.x
Canter, D. V., & Youngs, D. (2009). Investigative psychology: Offender profiling and the analysis of criminal action. John Wiley & Sons.
Cova, F., Lantian, A., & Boudesseul, J. (2016). Can the Knobe Effect be explained away? Methodological controversies in the study of the relationship between intentionality and morality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(10), 1295-1308.doi:10.1177/0146167216656356
Cushman, F. (2008). Crime and punishment: Distinguishing the roles of causal and intentional analyses in moral judgment. Cognition, 108, 353-380.doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.03.006.
Dror, I. E., (2013). Practical solutions to cognitive and human factor challenges in forensic science. Forensic Science Policy & Management: An International Journal, 4(3-4), 105-113. doi:10.1080/19409044.2014.901437
Dror, I. E., & Charlton, D., & Peron, A. (2006). Contextual information renders experts vulnerable to making erroneous identifications. Forensic Science International, 156, 74-78. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.017
Dror, I. E., & Hampikian, G. (2011). Subjectivity and bias in forensic DNA mixture interpretation. Science & Justice, 51, 204-208. doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2011.08.004
Findley, K., & Scott, M. (2006). The multiple dimensions of tunnel vision in criminal cases. Wisconsin Law Review, 1023, 291-397.
Guglielmo, S., & Malle, B. F. (2010). Can unintended side effects be intentional? Resolving a controversy over intentionality and morality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1635-1647.doi:10.1177/0146167210386733
Halverson, A. M., Hallahan, M., Hart, A. J., & Rosenthal, R. (1997). Reducing the biasing effects of judges’ nonverbal behavior with simplified jury instruction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 590-598.doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.4.590
Hasel, L. E., & Kassin, S. M. (2009). On the presumption of evidentiary independence: Can confessions corrupt eyewitness identifications? Psychological Science, 20, 122-126. doi:10.1111/j. 1467-9280.2008.02262.x
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
Johnson, M., Bush, J., & Mitchell, K. (1998). Interpersonal reality monitoring: Judging the sources of other people's memories. Social Cognition, 16, 199-224.doi:10.1521/soco.1998.16.2.199
Kassin, S. M., Dror, I. E., & Kukucka, J. (2013). The forensic confirmation bias: Problems, perspectives, and proposed solutions. Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 2, 42-52. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.01.001
Kassin, S. M., Goldstein, C., & Savitsky, K. (2003). Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: On the dangers of presuming guilt. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 187-203. doi:10.1023/A:1022599230598
Kneer, M., & Bourgeois-Gironde, S. (2017). Mens rea ascription, expertise and outcome effects: Professional judges surveyed. Cognition, 169, 139-146. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.08.008
Knobe, J. (2003). Intentional action and side effects in ordinary language. Analysis, 63, 190-194. doi:10.1111/1467-8284.00419
Knobe, J. (2010). Person as scientist, person as moralist. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(4), 315-329. doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000907
Kukucka, J. & Kassin, S. M. (2014). Do confessions taint perceptions of handwriting evidence?: An empirical test of the forensic confirmation bias. Law and Human Behavior, 38(3), 256-270. doi:10.1037/lhb0000066
Lange, N. D., Thomas, R. P., Dana, J., & Dawes, R. M. (2011). Contextual biases in the interpretation of auditory evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 35, 178-187.doi:10.1007/s10979-010-9226-4
Malle, B. F. & Konbe, J. (1997). The folk concept of intentionality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 101-121.doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.1314
Malle, B. F. & Nelson, S. E. (2003). Judging mens rea: The tension between folk concepts and legal concepts of intentionality. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 21, 563-580.doi:10.1002/bsl.554
Monroe, A. E, & Malle, B. F. (2019). People systematically update moral judgments of blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(2), 215-236.doi:10.1037/pspa0000137
Nadelhoffer, T. (2006). Bad acts, blameworthy agents, and intentional actions: Some problems for juror impartiality. Philosophical explorations, 9, 203-219. doi:10.1080/13869790600641905
Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
Ngo, L., Kelly, M., Coutlee, C. G., Carter, R. M., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., & Huettel, S. A. (2015). Two distinct moral mechanisms for ascribing and denying intentionality. Scientific Reports, 5, 1-11. doi:10.1038/srep17390
O'Brien, B. (2009). Prime suspect: An examination of factors that aggravate and counteract confirmation bias in criminal investigations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 15, 315-334. doi:10.1037/a0017881
Pennington, N. & Hastie, R. (1986). Evidence evaluation in complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 242-258. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.2.242
Pennington, N. & Hastie, R. (1993). The story model for juror decision making. In R. Hastie (Ed.), Inside the juror: the psychology of juror decision making (pp. 192-221). NY: Cambridge Universiry Press.
Rogers, R., Alicke, M. D., Taylor, S. G., Rose, D., Davis, T. L., & Bloom, D. (2019). Causal deviance and the ascription of intent and blame. Philosophical Psychology, 32(3), 404-427. doi: 10.1080/09515089.2018.1564025
Saks, M. J., Risinger, D. M., Rosenthal, R., & Thompson, W. C. (2003). Context effects in forensic science: A review and application of the science of science to crime laboratory practice in the United States. Science & Justice, 43(2), 77-90.doi:10.1016/S1355-0306(03)71747-X
Sripada, C. (2010). The deep self model and asymmetries in folk judgments about intentional action. Philosophical Studies, 151, 159-176. doi:10.1007/s11098-009-9423-5
Sripada, C. (2012). Mental state attributions and the side-effect effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 232-238.doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.008
Sripada, C. & Konrath, S. (2011). Telling more than we can know about intentional action. Mind & Language, 26, 353-380.doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2011.01421.x
van den Eeden, C. A., de Poot, C. J., & van Koppen, P. J. (2019). The forensic confirmation bias: a comparison between experts and novices. Journal of forensic sciences, 64(1), 120-126. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13817
Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 129- 140. doi:10.1080/17470216008416717
Zucchelli, M. M., Starita, F., Bertini, C., Giusberti, F., & Ciaramelli, E. (2019). Intentionality attribution and emotion: The Knobe Effect in alexithymia. Cognition, 191, 1-9.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.05.015
대법원 2007.05.10. 선고 2007도1950 판결.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수