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- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.18 No.3
Abstract
Suppose you read a novel twice. The odds are high that you will read it faster during the second reading. This is known as a text repetition effect. This study examined the factors that facilitate rereading. To explain text repetition effects, Raney(2003) proposed a context-dependent representation model. The basic assumptions of the model are that the surface features and textbase are represented in a context-independent manner, and that a coherent situation model binds together the surface features and the text base and leads to context-dependent representation. When a situation model is well developed, overlapping situation models support a rereading benefit. Little or no repetition benefit is expected, when situation models are well developed but there is no semantic overlap between them. In this case, repeating surface forms and textbase will not produce repetition effects. This experiment explored whether rereading effects transfer across two different languages. Fluent Korean-German bilinguals read texts twice either in the same language or in the different, while the texts shared either only the words or also the situations. Repetition effects were found only for texts, in which situation models were preserved, although the translations altered the surface form and textbase. This results demonstrate that the role of a situation model is important for bilingual repetition effects, and that the context-dependent model provides a theoretically meaningful guide for understanding and explaining text repetition effects.
Abstract
Suppose you read a novel twice. The odds are high that you will read it faster during the second reading. This is known as a text repetition effect. This study examined the factors that facilitate rereading. To explain text repetition effects, Raney(2003) proposed a context-dependent representation model. The basic assumptions of the model are that the surface features and textbase are represented in a context-independent manner, and that a coherent situation model binds together the surface features and the text base and leads to context-dependent representation. When a situation model is well developed, overlapping situation models support a rereading benefit. Little or no repetition benefit is expected, when situation models are well developed but there is no semantic overlap between them. In this case, repeating surface forms and textbase will not produce repetition effects. This experiment explored whether rereading effects transfer across two different languages. Fluent Korean-German bilinguals read texts twice either in the same language or in the different, while the texts shared either only the words or also the situations. Repetition effects were found only for texts, in which situation models were preserved, although the translations altered the surface form and textbase. This results demonstrate that the role of a situation model is important for bilingual repetition effects, and that the context-dependent model provides a theoretically meaningful guide for understanding and explaining text repetition effects.
Abstract
Two experiments were planned to investigate the processing unit of Hangul syllable blocks using the task to judge whether a syllable is being used or not. Eighty-four syllable blocks were sampled and used from two kinds of syllable block types, horizontal vowels with finals and vertical vowels with finals, and three levels of syllable use frequency, high, middle, and low. Experiment 1 manipulated the stimulus intensity of initials and medials in a syllable body independently, and experiment 2 the stimulus intensity of syllable bodies and finals independently. Under the assumption that the intensity manipulation would have an effect on the grouping of parts in a syllable block, it could be concluded that the two parts are processed in a group if they show better performance when their stimulus intensities are equal than when unequal. The results showed that not only initials and medials (Exp. 1) but also syllable bodies and finals (Exp. 2) made shorter response time when their stimulus intensity were equal than when unequal. This indicates that both syllable bodies and syllable blocks are processed in a whole in Hangul perception. And syllable blocks with vertical vowels and finals were perceived better than those with horizontal vowels and finals. An issue about the processing unit of Hangul perception was discussed.
Abstract
Most foreigners who learn Korean cannot correctly perceive and articulate a three-way distinction of Korean stop consonants(lenis, fortis, aspirated). One explanation of this phenomenon argues that they focus on more than one specific dimension of phonetic contrasts in their own languages and may thus attend the same dimensions when they listen to Korean. Such processing strategy should be inappropriate in perceiving Korean. We examined a hypothesis that decreasing the information associated with the dimension that are focused on in foreigners' mother tongues and thus inappropriate for the perception of the phonetic contrasts in Korean can make learners attend other dimensions that are appropriate for Korean speech perception. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated the amplitudes of Korean speech sounds. Experiment 1 examined the effect of manipulating the amplitudes of speech sounds on perception of a three-way distinction of Korean stop consonants with Korean and Japanese participants. Experiment 2 examined whether the amplitudes manipulation affects Japanese participants' learning a three-way distinction of Korean stop consonants. The results of two experiments suggest that decreasing amplitudes of speech sounds can make learners attend to the dimensions that are appropriate for the three-way distinction of Korean stop consonants and that such attention facilitates Japanese learners' perceptual learning of the three-way distinction.
Abstract
We compared the magnitude of automatic semantic priming effects in high-frequency and low-frequency words in Hangul (Korean writing system) using lexical decision tasks. The duration of prime words (SOA) was manipulated as 50 ms, 80 ms, and 200 ms in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In all three experiments, response latency was shorter for high-frequency target words than for low-frequency target words (word frequency effects). Response latency was also shorter when a target word was semantically related to a prime word than when it was semantically unrelated to a prime word (semantic priming effects). Most importantly, there was an interaction between word frequency and semantic priming effects: semantic priming effects were larger for high-frequency target words than for low-frequency target words. This interaction was statistically significant at both 80 ms and 200 ms SOAs.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of mariner's situation awareness(SA) training on navigation performance using full mission ship-handling simulator. For this purpose, 20 mariners were trained in terms of various aspects of SA by providing performance feedback, instructions to monitor the radar information, to integrate navigation-related elements, and to anticipate the possible future situation based on present situation. Independent variables such as risk levels of ship-to-ship collision, movement types of target ship(TS), and number of ships around the own ship(OS) were systematically varied, and dependent variables of closest point of approach(CPA) between TS and OS, number of collision, radar detection reaction time, and free recall performance of current situation were measured. The results can be summarized as followings. First, training on mariner's SA appeared to induce improved performances both of ship handling and SA(i.e., mariners in the post-training session showed longer CPA, lower collision rate, faster radar monitoring time, and higher free recall rate than the pre-training session). Second, mariners in the routine navigation situation where TS had priority following maritime rules seemed to suffer to prepare collision avoidance when the TS altered the path. However, this tendency greatly reduced after the training. These results suggest the benefit of mariner's SA training on maritime safety.
Abstract
We investigated whether orientations shape-from-shading of oval pattern influence visual search processes differently. In Experiment 1, the strength of orientation was manipulated by using three ratios of vertical to horizontal axes and vice versa: 1:4, 2:4, 3:4. Each type of oval was used for target or distracter. In Experiment 2, shape-from-shading was applied to oval pattern, so the patterns were convex or concave. In Experiment 1, vertically elongated oval target conditions were faster than horizontally elongated target conditions. And search asymmetry was getting obvious as ratio between horizontal and vertical axis became low. In Experiment 2, there was an interaction between orientation and shading. A vertical target was popped-out quickly against horizontal oval background. only when background was convex. In contrary, search for horizontal target against vertical background was faster in case of concave background than in convex. The results strongly suggest that horizontal or vertical orientation are not equally sensitive in visual system. Visual system seems to find an vertical object at horizontal background easier than an opposite case under naturally lit environment.
Abstract
We ran two experiments to determine; 1) if interference due to competing responses (such as occurs in the Stroop task) can be reduced by between-hemisphere separation of target and distractor, and 2) if between-hemisphere separation of target and distractor was effective in reducing interference when the peripheral cue drove spatial attention to the distractor. In Experiment 1 where the peripheral cue was not provided, interference in the between- and within-hemisphere condition did not differ from each other. In Experiments 2, a peripheral cue of high validity was presented sometimes to the target location and sometimes to the distractor location. The results of Experiment 2 showed that between-hemisphere separation of target and distractor could effectively protect target processing from a distractor that mistakenly drew attention. The present results imply a possible role of an interhemispheric shielding mechanism to prevent wrong responses to the mistakenly selected stimulus at the attended location.
Abstract
The present study examined whether two rules of lightness perception proposed by Li and Gilchrist (1999), the 'highest luminance as white rule' and the 'area rule,' can be extended to chromatic domain under two lighting conditions. The Disk-Ganzfeld display was employed for this purpose. The study further sought to compare lightness perception of achromatic stimuli with that of chromatic stimuli by presenting achromatic and chromatic stimuli in the center of the Ganzfeld. The results demonstrated that the two rules by Li and Gilchrist are applicable to lightness perception consisting of the achromatic Ganzfeld with chromatic center stimuli and that the visual system utilizes these rules even under two different lighting conditions. Finally, a comparison of the assessed lightness values of achromatic and chromatic Disk stimuli with the same Munsell values revealed that the achromatic Disk stimuli are perceived lighter than those of red, yellow, green, and blue with Munsell values of 5 or 7, but the lightness perception properties of purple colors are very similar to that of achromatic colors.