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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.19 No.3
Abstract
Conscious awareness occupies the central focus of our visual experiences. Nevertheless, questions on the role and the importance of consciousness in visual perception had long been neglected by psychologists and neuroscientists, mainly due to the subjective nature of conscious visual experiences. However, the last several decades have witnessed a burgeoning of empirical approaches to the study of conscious visual awareness. The current work is theoretical background behind the previous review on psychophysical conditions to manipulate conscious visual awareness. This work reviews theories of visual awareness and its neural correlates. It also discusses the confusion between attention and awareness which remains a major challenge for research on the neural correlates of conscious visual awareness. This review will set the scope within which empirical studies of conscious visual awareness will be understood and performed.
Abstract
The interaction between word types (concrete words vs abstract words) and attention (focused attention vs divided attention), and the interaction between word types and the levels of processing on the false memory were investigated in two experiments using the DRM paradigm. In Experiment 1, the word types and the degree of attention were manipulated. The results of Experiment 1 showed that false memory was greater in the abstract word list condition than the concrete word condition, and this pattern was more apparent when attention is divided during learning. In Experiment 2, the effects of word types and the levels of processing on false memory were investigated. False memory was greater in the abstract word list condition, and in the semantic judgment condition. The results of the two experiments can be explained by the fuzzy trace theory an dthe activation/monitoring hypothesis.
Abstract
We have a blind spot for each eye that cannot receive visual inputs. Nonetheless, we do not experience empty space because of filling-in phenomena. Although many studies suggested that neighboring information around the blind spot contributed to filling-in of the blind spot, there has been few studies that investigated contribution from the other eye's information and its interaction with neighboring information. Our study investigated whether the opposite eye's information could contribute to filling-in process of the blind spot. We also investigated, between the opposite eye's and neighboring information, which information was more dominant in the process of filling-in. We found that the blind spot could be filled by the opposite eye's information and that information was more dominant in filling-in of the blind spot. These results were observed only in the blind spot.
Abstract
To study Korean relative clause processing(specifically, ‘gwan-hyeong’ clause), one eye movement experiment was conducted. Garden-path model was accepted as a research framework for this study and temporarily ambiguous sentences were invented to observe reanalysis during reading. The Korean gwan-hyeong clauses followed by ‘myeonseo’ clause were constructed to lead to syntactic ambiguity, which would be disambiguated in the main verb phrase at the end of the sentence. It was assumed that if a certain syntactic analysis would be preferred in the first pass reading as the garden-path theory argues, it would lead to processing difficulty when encountered with the main verb phrase requiring a different interpretation at the end of the sentence. In this study, it was hypothesized that the initial syntactic analysis formed before reaching the disambiguation region, should follow the strategy requiring more syntactically minimal change. In the eye-tracking experiment, it was observed the strong garden-path effect in the non-minimal change condition, that is the rapid increase of the go-past time at the disambiguation area. This result was interpreted as supporting the minimal change hypothesis.
Abstract
To study Korean relative clause processing(specifically, 'gwan-hyeong' clause), one eye movement experiment was conducted. Garden-path model was accepted as a research framework for this study and temporarily ambiguous sentences were invented to observe reanalysis during reading. The Korean gwan-hyeong clauses followed by 'myeonseo' clause were constructed to lead to syntactic ambiguity, which would be disambiguated in the main verb phrase at the end of the sentence. It was assumed that if a certain syntactic analysis would be preferred in the first pass reading as the garden-path theory argues, it would lead to processing difficulty when encountered with the main verb phrase requiring a different interpretation at the end of the sentence. In this study, it was hypothesized that the initial syntactic analysis formed before reaching the disambiguation region, should follow the strategy requiring more syntactically minimal change. In the eye-tracking experiment, it was observed the strong garden-path effect in the non-minimal change condition, that is the rapid increase of the go-past time at the disambiguation area. This result was interpreted as supporting the minimal change hypothesis.
Abstract
Alvarez and Cavanagh(2005) have reported that there are independent attentional resources for multiple object tracking (MOT) in two hemifields. Twice as many targets could be successfully tracked when they were distributed between hemifields as when they were all presented within a single hemifield. We investigated whether the attentional resource for tracking in one hemifield could track the targets that were presented initially in that hemifield, but later moved to the other hemifield. In our experiments, the participants tracked four objects among eight objects. The four targets were divided equally between the left and right hemifields. In one condition, targets moved only within each hemifield in which they were initially presented (Bilateral-to-Bilateral condition). In the other condition, two targets in one hemifield moved toward the other hemifield, while the other two targets remained moving in the initial hemifield, resulting in four moving targets within a hemifield(Bilateral-to-Unilateral condition). Our main interest was comparison between these two conditions, measuring the accuracy of MOT. The results showed that performance in the Bilateral-to-Bilateral condition was better than that in the Bilateral-to-Unilateral condition. In other words, when the initial targets presented in one hemifield moved across to the other hemifield, the attentional resource in each hemifield did not move cross the other hemifield along with the moving targets. This finding suggests that attentional resource for tracking could be object-based only within each hemifield.