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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.21 No.3
Abstract
Comparison between visual working memory (VWM) representation and incoming perception has been reported to be rapid and immediate (Hyun, Woodman, Vogel, Niese, & Luck, 2003). The present study further tested if a visual change in an ignored or in other words, a task‐irrelevant feature dimension would be detected while a relevant feature dimension is paid attention for change‐detection. Electrophysiological index of change‐induced shift of attention (e.g., N2pc) indicated that the irrelevant change does not appear triggering the shift of attention to a location of the change. When increased the number of changes however, subjects were more distracted than when there was only a single change. The results indicate that comparison between solid VWM representation and incoming perception occurs in an automatic fashion but can operate selectively in a controlled manner if necessary.
Abstract
Recognition memory theories have focused on the distinction between single- and dual-process models that characterize episodic retrieval decisions. Dual-process models suggest that episodic decision is contingent on two independent processes: familiarity and recollection. One outstanding question is whether the recollection reflects a distinct categorical mnemonic decision variable or a stricter criterion operation on the graded strength-of-evidence decision axis. The present study examined whether the decision variable of recollective judgment (i.e., “Remember” response) is qualitatively different from familiarity-based response by employing an adaptive biased feedback procedure that was previously used to investigate the lability of decision criterion on the continuous memory trace. The data demonstrated prominent and gradual criterion shifts for Remember response suggesting a continuous characteristics of recollective decision variable but the pattern shows a qualitative difference compared to familiarity-based recognition decisions. A potential model is also discussed.
Abstract
A normative study and 3 experiments were conducted to explore implicit causality of Korean interpersonal verbs. Following Rudolphn & Försterling's (1997) taxonomy, Preliminary study classified about 1050 Korean verbs into 4 types: agent-patient, agent-evocator, stimulus-experiencer, experiencer-stimulus. The frequency distribution of the Korean interpersonal verbs differed significantly from that of German verbs. Experiment 1 presented sentences like ‘Paul praised Ted.’ and asked subjects to provide the reason why might that event happen. The cause of the event described by either agent-evocator or experiencer -stimulus verb was biased toward the object of the sentence, while that of event described by agent -patient verb was biased toward the subject, showing implicit causality effects. Experiment 2 compared reading times for the 2 types of target sentences; one type had a meaning congruent with the verbal bias of the sentence presented immediately before the target sentence and the other had a meaning incongruent with that bias. Reading times for congruent sentences were shorter than those for incongruent sentences, indicating implicit causality of the verb automatically affected cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Experiment 3 excluded the possibility that the implicit causality effects found in Experiment 2 only reflect the differences between the 2 types of target sentences. Theoretical and practical implications of the results were discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological reactions and subjective experiences of schizophrenic patients against negative emotional stimuli such as anger, disgust, fear, and sadness. The responses to the emotional stimuli of each subjects were assessed by measuring and analysing the physiological signals before and during presenting negative emotional movie scenes; the parameters were the heart rate (HR), respiration(RESP), skin conductance level (SCL), skin conductance response (SCR), corrugator muscle (CM), and orbicularis muscle (OM), respectively. Patients reported that they have experienced strong emotions in responses to the stimuli of disgust, fear and sadness. The identification rate of anger only was distinguishable between the patients and the controls. The changes in the physiological responses of the patients between the resting periods and emotion-induced state in anger (HR, CM), fear (SCR, RESP, CM), sadness (HR, RESP) were less significant compared to the changes in the control group. The control subjects exhibited significantly-increased values in eleven parameters; anger (HR, RESP, CM), disgust(OM), fear(SCR, SCL, RESP, CM, OM), and sadness(HR, RESP), while the patients showed significant changes only in three parameters; disgust (HR), fear (SCR), and sadness (RESP). This study show that the physiological responses in patients apparently differ from in controls while the subjective experience cannot tell the difference between the two groups.
Abstract
Using the repetition priming paradigm the author investigated orthographic and morphological processing of native Korean words. In Experiment 1, monomorphemic, bimorphemic, and unrelated primes which shared an initial syllable with a target word were found to bring about facilitation for masked priming condition but inhibition for long SOA condition. In Experiment 2 morphological processing of native Korean words was examined with morphological, orthographic, and unrelated prime-target pairs. The hypothesis that size and direction of morphological priming is dependent on lexical characteristics of stimuli was also tested. Significant morphological priming was found irrespective of the position of a morpheme shared by prime and target on the three different SOAs, but orthographic inhibition was not found to be significant in any condition. The study succeeded in discovering orthographic facilitation and morphological facilitation in Korean word recognition for the first time, and this suggests that the failure to find morphological priming in previous studies might be closely related with the lexical characteristics of Sino-Korean words used as their stimuli. Based on the results, the author suggests that morphological priming is hard to find because of slow morphological processing and inhibitory orthographic processing resulting from ambiguous Kulja-morpheme correspondence of Sino-Korean words. Differences among word types and their consequences in lexical processing were discussed.