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- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.21 No.4
Abstract
On problems involving risky choices, people tend to act risk-averse when the problem is framed in terms of gains and risk-seeking when the same problem is instead framed in terms of losses. This refers framing effect and is one of most investigated biases in research of judgment and decision making. Dual-process theories suggest that when analytical thinking system is activated through increasing cognitive processing levels, framing effects disappear or decrease. In order to test this hypothesis, we performed two experiments in which framing effects were investigated in different decision problems after we altered levels of cognitive processing of decision makers. In first experiment the level of cognitive processing was increased through demanding participants to choice options on the basis of reason. Significant framing effects in lives problems found in control group were disappeared in this reason-based group. The second experiment decreased the cognitive processing levels in decision problems through the manipulation of working memory(WM) load during risky decisions so that the choice was made while maintaining a concurrent WM load of random letters. Under cognitive load, not only lives problems but also property problems showed significant framing effects. The results of two experiments support hypothesis of dual-process theories. The need of further subsequent researches about the relationship between levels of cognitive processing and framing effects were discussed.
Abstract
To examine properties of visual working memory (VWM) representations, event-related potentials were measured during the comparison process between memory and perception in a change-detection task. Subjects were asked to detect an orientation change upon a memory display onset after remembering a few orientation bars, and the memory set size was varied from 1 to 6. Onset latencies of attention shift triggered by a memory-perception difference were measured by N2pc component onset time, and the latencies were constant regardless of the number of items in the display. The results indicate that the comparison between VWM representations and perceptual inputs occurs very rapidly and is accomplished immediately upon a test display onset, and further that the representations in VWM are stored into 3-4 fixed-resolution slots.
Abstract
This study investigated the emotional function of frontal cortex asymmetry using unilateral hand contractions paradigm. Participants were randomly assigned to control, left-hand or right-hand contraction groups. Electroencephalogram(EEG) was recorded during 4 1-min baselines and two consecutive 45-s left or right hand contractions trial. Following the hand contraction practice trials, participants contracted the right or left hand during hearing the emotional news and EEG activity was also recorded. The results indicated that right-hand contractions produced greater left than right hemispheric activity, whereas left-hand contractions produced greater right than left hemispheric activity. Right-hand contractions increased positive emotional experience to both neutral and positive news editorial, compared to left-hand contraction. This results supported the hypothesis that the increase in relative left frontal cortical activation due to right-hand contraction was related to more self-reported positive affect. It was discussed that the mid-frontal asymmetry effect produced by the hand contraction manipulation is somewhat independent of the other asymmetry effects and the baseline asymmetry effect as affective traits.
Abstract
This study examined the relative merit of a web-based compilation of experimental psychology dictionary and provided algorithms for user-friendly, real-time search engine. In addition, I tried to demonstrate how the Java Script and the Perl CGI can be applied in order to enhance the user-developer interaction in the development of a web-based dictionary. Finally, I suggest several directions on how a web-based dictionary could be evolved in the future.
Abstract
Synesthesia is a condition under which a stimulus in one sensory modality induces unusual perceptual experience in another sensory modality. Here we report Korean synesthetes who experience colors when viewing alphanumeric characters. This study not only describes phenomenal aspects of synesthetic color experiences associated with graphemes including Korean alphabet (“Han-gul”) but also verifies authenticity and perceptual reality of synesthetic experience by exploiting a couple of experimental paradigms. Experiment 1 utilized a synesthetic version of the Stroop task to verify the automaticity of synesthetic experience. By presenting a Korean grapheme either in physical color matching the observer's synesthetic color experienced by the grapheme(the congruent condition) or in a “wrong” color(the incongruent condition), we observed increased reaction time when the physical color doesn't match synesthetic color, which reveals interference of synesthetic color in real color judgment. Experiment 2 exploited a visual search task to verify perceptual reality of syensthetic color. When a target inducing synesthetic color was located among many distracters inducing different synesthetic color, the set-size effect(i.e., increase in reaction time as the number of stimulus increases) from synesthetic observers was reduced compared to that from non-synesthetic observers. The result shows that synesthetic color improved search efficiency as real color does in ordinary visual search task. This study is by far the first report on Korean color-graphemic syesthetes integrating both phenomenal and experimental aspects of their synesthetic color experiences.
Abstract
This study was planned to examine whether decomposition processes between modifier and head are necessary in the interpretation of compound nouns and whether word frequency and semantic transparency have an effect on the decomposition processes by comparing the masked priming task and the unmasked priming task. In Experiment 1, whether decomposition processes were influenced by the word frequency of compound nouns was analyzed and the amount of priming effects between the whole condition and the part condition were not different in the masked priming task but inconsistent results were found in the unmasked task. In Experiment 2, semantic transparency 's effects on the decomposition processes were investigated and similar results as experiment 1 were found. In conclusion, decomposition processes is pre-lexical and necessary processes in the interpretation of compound nouns
Abstract
To investigate the nature of memory deficit of Mild Cognitive Impairment patient group(MCI group), the present study measured MCI group's verbal and spatial working memory capacity and recognition ability for dynamic driving scenes(which were varied in their temporal position) in terms of sensitivity(d') and response criterion(c), and compared them with those of college students and normal old-aged group. The results can be summarized as followings: First, MCI patient showed more degraded performances in both types of memory tasks than the other two groups. Second, although MCI group showed stable and lowered sensitivity for driving-scene stimulus along the different temporal position, normal old groups showed increased sensitivity for the relatively recent stimulus(i.e., observed 5 seconds before). Third, MCI group tended to respond based on unstable response criterion which resulted in a large fluctuation from conservative to lenient responses, whereas college students and normal old groups appeared to adopt relatively stable and neutral(or lenient in case of normal old group) response criterion. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.