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- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.27 No.4
Abstract
Many studies characterizing perceived emotion on one’s face have used emotionless faces as neutral face stimuli. In our daily circumstances, however, an emotionless face tends to represent a negative expression of emotion rather than purely neutral. The present study aimed to compare the saliency of an emotionless face against either smiling or frowning faces, and asked participants to search for a target of an emotionless face among the distractors of either smiling or frowning faces. The analyses of search found delayed RTs as well as inaccurate search performance if the target was displayed among the frowning distractors rather than among smiling faces. The relative inaccuracy of target search was shown to derive from the decrease of sensitivity (d’) for discriminating the emotionless target from frowning distractor faces. We also compared the search RT distributions according to the ex-Gaussian model across the smiling and frowning distractor conditions. The ex-Gaussian analyses showed that the delayed RTs in the frowning condition owes to an increase of skewness in the distribution as a result of decision and response-selection processes. The skewness became more evident in the target-absent trials with an overall delay in their RTs. The results of the present study indicate that the emotionless faces is more difficult to distinguish from frowning faces than smiling faces if it is displayed among either of the two faces.
Abstract
Semantic processing should effectively encode the meaning of a word and represent semantic relationship among individual words. This study proposed a connectionist model employing features as basic units for semantic processing among words and learning the relationship between the words and the associated meanings. The model statistically proved the capability to effectively simulate behavioral results from lexical decision tasks. In addition, the model successfully simulated the frequency effect, the word similarity effect, the semantic richness effect, and the semantic priming effect, which have been observed in behavioral studies. These results suggest that features are possibly basic units for human’s semantic processing.
Abstract
Several imaging studies reported that the posterior superior temporal sulcus(pSTS) involved in biological motion(BM) perception exhibited stronger activation in the right hemisphere. A recent behavioral study found that accuracy for BM perception was higher with shorter reaction time when BM was presented in the left visual field than in the right visual field, which was thought to reflect stronger activation of the right pSTS. Other previous studies, however, did not report any specific visual field superiority during BM perception tasks. The present study attempted to explain these discrepant past results by manipulating the stimulus exposure time in the discrimination task of peripherally presented BM. The results showed that BM in the left visual field was more accurately perceived with shorter reaction time when the stimulus duration was relatively short(~300ms) while the left visual field superiority disappeared when the duration became longer. Such specific superiority effect was not observed when non-BM stimuli were presented. These results suggest that the left visual field superiority depends on stimulus exposure duration and the function of the pSTS may underlie this perceptual phenomenon.
Abstract
Researchers of today face a flood of academic papers, yet they have few practical means of recognizing the quality or type of those papers. The current study aims to realize and implement two frames that can categorize research papers according to how they contribute to the advancement of the field. Spellman, DeLoache, and Bjork(2007) suggested 5 types of claims that researchers make in their papers and Sternberg, Kaufman, and Pretz(2002) invented a way to categorize creative findings according to the type of their contributions. We utilized these two sets of categories to assort recent(2012∼2014) papers from Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology(KJCBP) as well as American Journal of Experimental Psychology: General(JEP: General). Results showed that relatively few papers challenge dominant theories or develop new approaches in order to reject or replace current theories, while more than half of the research in both journals seemed to accept and support the prior findings. After further improvement, this categorization scheme may provide reliable guideline in assessing whether a research is meaningful and contributing.
Abstract
The current review examined how information is processed in the brain. Specifically, I investigated whether multiple inputs encoded into the brain are processed in a serial manner or they are processed in parallel. An extensive review of the literature regarding behavioral and neuroscientific studies revealed that whether information is processed in a serial or parallel manner depends on the stage of human information processing. Specifically, at the early, perceptual stage, multiple inputs can be processed in parallel as perceptual resource can be flexibly allocated to the inputs, whereas at the central stage, only a single input can be processed at a time. This review elucidates the cases in which serial or parallel processing is implemented in the brain, contributing to better understanding of how the capacity-limited brain hands information overload.
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the effect of negative emotion and semantic associative strength on retrieval-induced forgetting(RIF). Experiment1 was designed to explore to cause of RIF and to construct a association strength list. For these ends, Anderson(1994) study was replicated. An association strength list was devised to strong - strong(SS)condition and strong - weak(SW)condition, weak - strong (WS) conditions and weak - weak(WW) condition. RIF was observed in strong - strong(SS)condition and strong - weak(SW)condition. Experiment2 was designed to ascertain the distinctiveness of emotion, as well as emotionality in the RIF. Experiment2 was planned to ascertain how varied the emotions. An association strength list was devised to strong - strong(SS)condition and strong - weak(SW)condition, weak - strong (WS) conditions and weak - weak(WW) condition. Emotional valence was placed in all the category list or in the Rp- list. RIF was observed in strong - strong(SS)condition in all the category list condition. And RIF was not observed in all condition in the Rp- list condition.
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was evaluate the difference between children with Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) and typically developing children in aftereffects of mouth shape(similar pronunciation to /m/ or /u/ in Korean). In Experiment I examined whether aftereffect of mouth shapes takes place in the typically developing adults. The Experiment II compared the performance of 20 high functioning children with ASD and matched(age and, IQ scores) typically developing children. To test for aftereffects of mouth shape, we adapted participants on different trials to the /m/ versus /u/, then asked them to judge the shape of the mouth. Consistent with the previous study, the typically developing adults showed aftereffects of mouth shape in the Experiment I. These results of Experiment II indicate that children with ASD and TD children show aftereffects of mouth shape. Also, additional analysis comparing the size of afterffects indicated no significant group differences. These findings suggest that children with ASD are not deficits in adaptation ability of mouth shape.
Abstract
Mental magnitude line assumes that various magnitude dimensions share common resources. However, relative influence between discrete dimensions such as digit or numerosity versus continuous dimensions such as size or length is a matter of debate when they are presented together. Some argue that numbers are cognitively more salient than other magnitude dimensions, but others claim that dominant magnitude dimension can change depending on context. This study examined automatic processing of numerical values using line bisection task with numerical flankers where participants respond to the center of presented line while disregarding numbers which appear at the two ends of the line. In addition, contrary to numerical Stroop task which separately tests individual influence of numerical value or physical size of numbers under different conditions, we directly compared relative influence of numerical value vs. physical size by manipulating the two variable dimensions within a same task. Although there was no effect of physical size of numerical flankers in the line bisection, a reliable bias toward numerically larger number was observed when numerical values of the flankers were manipulated. In Stroop line bisection where both physical size and numerical value of flankers were manipulated, a strong bias toward numerically larger number was obtained indicating greater influence of numerical value than physical size. In addition, size incongruity effect between physical size and numerical value was also observed. These results not only replicate the previous finding that discrete and continuous magnitude dimensions share common resources but also imply that numerical value is cognitively salient so that the processing for numerical values is automatic even when they are task-irrelevant.
Abstract
This study investigated whether increased face identity discrimination after the adaptation with an average face is shown to children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), who are known to have deficits of face recognition. Children with ASD (n=10) and age/IQ-matched children with typical development (TD) (n=10) participated in this study. After the practice, all participants were asked to distinguish three female faces as pre-identification task. Then, they were asked to see an average faces for the adaptation. After adaptation for five minutes, participants were asked to complete an identification task again. The results showed that the improvement in face discrimination was not found in children with ASD, whereas significant improvement was observed in children with TD. In addition, the increase of face discrimination in children with TD was significantly higher than those of ASD. Last, children with TD only showed the increased sensitivity of face discrimination in mid-point intensity. These findings suggest that children with ASD have difficulty in face norm recalibration. The limitations of this study as well as the directions for future study are discussed.