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- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.29 No.2
Abstract
The properties of functional brain networks during rest are known to be related to individual differences in cognitive processing or psychopathology. Here, we ask if a personality trait, the behavioral approach system (BAS), is based on individual differences in neurobiological substrates, namely those of the resting-state functional brain network. Resting-state fMRI data were acquired for 30 healthy, normal participants during rest, and brain networks were analyzed using a graph-theoretical approach in which the brain is viewed as a network composed of connections (edges) between brain regions (nodes). The influence of the left nucleus accumbens on other brain regions (quantified by the metric ‘betweenness’), was found to greater tendency in those individuals with higher BAS sensitivity. High BAS sensitivity was also related to a higher tendency for global information processing in the network, rather than local information processing in the right visual cortex, as indicated by increased betweenness and decreased clustering and local efficiency. Finally, Higher BAS-sensitivity individuals also showed tendency of decreased connectivity (‘degree’) and information processing efficiency (‘global efficiency’) in the right superior frontal gyrus. These findings suggest that the differences in brain network properties in the nucleus accumbens, visual cortex, and frontal cortex are related to the greater reward sensitivity, high novelty seeking, and greater impulsivity in high-BAS individuals.
Abstract
This study recorded event-related potentials during an implicit association test in order to understand the emotional processing in individuals with psychopathic traits. On the basis of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (Lee et al., 2008), undergraduate students were divided into psychopathic traits (n=13) and control (n=13) groups. The implicit association test involved pictures (happy and fear faces) and words (positive and negative words). Compared to the picture stimuli in the inconsistent task, the picture stimuli in the consistent task elicited larger late positive potentials amplitude in the frontal and central regions in the control group. However, this pattern was not observed in the psychopathic traits group. Compared to the word stimuli in the inconsistent task, the word stimuli in the consistent task elicited larger late positive potentials amplitude in the frontal, central and parietal regions in the control group. However, this pattern was not observed in the psychopathic traits group. These results suggest that individuals with psychopathic traits have difficulties in emotional processing.
Abstract
Specific responses in the fusiform face area (FFA) and the parahippocampal place area (PPA) presumably underlie visual object recognition, with the relative strength of neural activity coding for the object class. However, the issue of whether these areas rest on fundamentally distinct computational processes is an unexplored area. In this study, we examined whether object-class specificity is modifiable by the long-term learning of tasks that involve faces or buildings. The experiment consisted of four fMRI sessions over eight weeks. Eleven participants were involved in two novel tasks in which faces were arbitrarily associated with two-dimensional coordinates, and buildings were associated with architectural styles. As the learning progressed, BOLD responses at the FFA significantly decreased in the associative learning tasks regardless of the object class, while no such change was observed for brain activity at the PPA. These findings suggest that the FFA plays a role in visual associative memory. As the associations grow more efficient as the result of repeated experience, the neural activity required for retrieval may decrease in strength and/or in duration, leading to less BOLD activation.
Abstract
Many studies are being conducted to understand factors that influence mathematical problem solving ability and the mechanism through which it develops. The present study conducted mediation analysis to examine which basic numerical cognitive abilities contribute to math achievement and whether there is a mediating factor in this relationship. The present study measured the precision of number estimation, number processing ability, numerosity comparison ability as basic numerical cognitive abilities. As a result of the mediation analysis, we found that number comparison efficiency mediates the relationship between the precision of the internal number representation (measured with number estimation) and math achievement. This finding suggests the possibility that a stepwise intervention of first improving the precision of the internal number representation and then training to efficiently process symbolic numbers will contribute to the enhancement of math achievement in children with mathematical disabilities.
Abstract
In our daily life, it is important to estimate the approximate number of objects containing various sizes and appearing in different densities. However, previous studies mostly used dot stimuli with uniform sizes (Burr & Ross, 2008a; Durgin, 1995). In this study, we investigated how density and size variance influenced numerosity estimation. We found that numerosity was underestimated when density and size variance increased. There was no significant interaction between the density and the size variance. Also, we observed that numerosity was directly estimated by the number mechanism itself across all the range of density, different from the results of previous research. We suggest that this different result is due to various sizes used in this study, which helps the visual system to individuate each object to count.
Abstract
To investigate whether popular recognition of Hangul’s typeface beauty is based on visual judgment or not, 27 college students were asked to rate and compare 8 letter sets with one another. Those letter sets include Hangul, Chinese character, katakana, Roman alphabet, Greek alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet, Devanagari, and Arabic alphabet. In the first session, frequency of experience with each letter set, visual beauty, and preference of it when decorating their belongings were rated in self-reporting style. In the second session participants rated similarity of every combinatorial pair derived from 8 letter sets. Analysis of ordinal data showed that Hangul was rated highly in visual beauty and preference, but judged to be similar to katakana and Chinese character which were rated less beautiful and less preferable. In the 2-dimensional plane derived by ALSCAL, Hangul was away from the other 7 letter sets but was relatively close to katakana and Chinese character. The result indicates that recognition of Hangul’s beauty is based not on visual judgment, but on positive attitude toward the native letter set by Koreans.
Abstract
Readers routinely activate perceptual representations while constructing and updating mental models of situations described by the text. For example, English younger and older adults were faster to verify pictures that matched the shape or orientation implied by the sentence than when there was a mismatch (i.e., the match effect). In this study, Korean younger and older adults were tested to examine the universal pattern of the mental simulation of shape in sentence comprehension. All participants read sentences describing an animal or object and were then presented with a picture of the animal or the object in question. They were asked to judge whether the pictured animal or object's shape was mentioned in the preceding sentence. Overall, the results showed that responses were more accurate and faster in the shape-matching condition for all participants than in the mismatching condition. However, there were no age-related differences in the match effect. Accordingly, these findings suggest that during reading, both Korean younger and older adult were similarly able to active the perceptual simulation of shape in the matching condition.