바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

Linear Mixed-Effects Model for Analyzing Experimental Data

The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology / The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, (P)1226-9654; (E)2733-466X
2020, v.32 no.2, pp.197-211
https://doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2020.32.2.006

Abstract

This paper introduces a linear mixed-effects model with crossed random effects as an alternative to repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). With lmer function in the lme4 package, one of the R packages, two kinds of the linear mixed-effects model are described regarding the model specification, an estimation method, model comparison criteria, and an inference method. The use of the linear mixed-effects model is illustrated through an empirical example data. The performance of hypothesis testing is compared via a Monte Carlo simulation study between the mixed-effects model and variance of analysis framework.

keywords
linear mixed-effects model, F1/F2 analysis, R package, repeated-measures ANOVA, 선형 혼합효과 모형, F1/F2분석, R패키지, 반복측정 변량분석

Reference

1.

Ahn, J., Kim, T. H., & Choi, W. (2019). The effects of visual complexity and character structure on Hangul perception. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 31, 135-146.

2.

Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 390-412.

3.

Bae, S., & Lee, D. (2017). Individual differences in the morphological decomposition of Hanja words. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 29, 455-462.

4.

Bae, S., & Yi, K. (2010). Processing of orthography and phonology in Korean word recognition. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 22, 369-385.

5.

Bae, S., & Yi, K. (2016). The morphological processing of Korean compound words with Saisios. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 28, 691-698.

6.

Bae, S., & Yi, K. (2019a). The influence of word type and compositionality on the word length effect in Korean. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 31, 39-52.

7.

Bae, S., & Yi, K. (2019b). Individual differences in reading spaced and unspaced compound noun phrases. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 31, 253-264.

8.

Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing:Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255-278.

9.

Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4, Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1-48.

10.

Choi, S., & Koh, S. (2012). The effects of real world knowledge and case-markers on semantic relation processing during Korean sentence reading: An eye-tracking study. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 24, 89-105.

11.

Choi, W., Lee, C., & Nam, K. (2008). Cross-linguistic semantic priming effect for Korean-English unbalanced bilinguals. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 20, 357-372.

12.

Choi, W., Lee, C., Kang, J., & Nam, K. (2015). The lexical inhibition of the phonological information in Korean visual word recognition. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 27, 561-581.

13.

Clark, H. H. (1973). The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 335-359.

14.

Embretson, S. E., & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item response theory for psychologists. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

15.

Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2007). Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.

16.

Gordon, P. C., & Holyoak, K. J. (1983). Implicit learning and generalization of the “mere exposure” effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 492-500.

17.

Kang, J., Nam, S., Lim, H., & Nam, K. (2016). ERP indices of Korean derivational prefix morphemes separated from the semantic and orthographic information. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 28, 409-430.

18.

Kim, J., & Park, K. (2016). The implicit causality effect observed in Korean interpersonal verbs does not require causal connective. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 28, 221-239.

19.

Koh, S., Hong, H., Yoon, S., & Cho, P. (2008). The frequency effect in Korean noun eojeols: An eye-tracking study. The Korean Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 21-37.

20.

Kwon, Y., & Nam, K. (2011). The relationship between morphological family size and syllabic neighborhoods density in Korean visual word recognition. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 23, 301-319.

21.

Lee, H., & Choi, W. (2019). Predictability effects modulated by age during sentence reading: An eye-tracking study. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 31, 17-38.

22.

Lee, J.-H. (2009). Anaphoric reference resolution in expository text: the effects of demonstratives type. The Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 28, 547-569.

23.

Lee, K. E., Woo, Y.-H., & Lee, H.-W. (2019). Translation priming effects in unbalanced Korean-English bilinguals. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 31, 211-221.

24.

Lee, Y., & Kwon, N. (2012). The effect of information status of noun phrase on Korean sentence reading: An eye-tracking study. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 24, 149-166.

25.

Luck, S. J. (2005). An introduction to the event-related potential technique. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

26.

McNeish, D., Stapleton, L. M., & Silverman, R. D. (2016). On the unnecessary ubiquity of hierarchical linear modeling. Psychological Methods, 22, 114-140.

27.

Molenberghs, G., & Verbeke, G. (2007). Likelihood ratio, score, and Wald tests in a constrained parameter space. The American Statistician, 61, 22-27.

28.

Nam, S., Baik, Y., Lim, H., & Nam, K. (2014). Different tme courses of orthographic, morphological, and semantic activation during Korean prefixed derivational word recognition. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 26, 1-20.

29.

Noh, S. R., So, Y.-S., & Kim, M. (2017). Aging and situation models in Korean sentence comprehension. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 29, 189-196.

30.

Park, K., Yi, K., Abe, J., & Liu, Y. (2008). A cross-linguistic study on representation and processing of Hanja words:Reading aloud. The Korean Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 179-202.

31.

Pinheiro, J., & Bates, D. (2000). Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. New York, NY: Springer.

32.

R Core Team (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.

33.

Raaijmakers, J. G. W., Schrinemakers, J. M. C., & Gremmen, F. (1999). How to deal with “the language-as-fixed-effect fallacy”: Common misconceptions and alternative solutions. Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 416-426.

34.

Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (2003). A further look at the “language-as-fixed-effect fallacy” Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 141-151.

35.

Raudenbush, S. & Bryk, A. (2002). Hierarchical linear models:Applications and data Analysis methods. New York, NY:Sage.

36.

Ryu, J., Nam, K., Kim, D., & Baik, Y. (2016). Do Korean learners of English use spelling-to-sound regularity information during English word recognition?. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 28, 1-24.

37.

Singmann, H., & Kellen, D. (2020). An Introduction to Mixed Models for Experimental Psychology. In D. H. Spieler & E. Schumacher (Eds.), New Methods in Cognitive Psychology (pp.4-31). New York, NY: Routledge.

38.

Snijders, T., & Bosker, R. (2011). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

39.

Song, H., & Lee, W. (2009). The influence of discourse information on Korean adults’ sentence processing. Language Facts and Perspectives. 24, 141-154.

40.

Winter, B. (2013). Linear models and linear mixed effects models in R with linguistic applications. arXiv:1308.5499.[http://arxiv.org/pdf/1308.5499.pdf]

41.

Yi, K., & Bae, S. (2009). Morphological processing of native Korean words. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 21, 233-247.

42.

Yi, K., Park, K., Abe, J., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2010). A cross-linguistic study on representation and processing of Hanja words: Naming and lexical decision. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 22, 277-291.

43.

Yoon, S., & Koh, S. (2010). The effect of age of acquisition on fixation durations in Korean reading: An eye tracking study. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 22, 129-142.

44.

Yoon, S. O., Kang, W.-S., An, J., & Koh, S. (2010). The frequency and length effect on eye fixation in Korean reading. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 22, 215-232.

45.

Zhang, D., & Lin, X. (2008). Variance component testing in generalized linear mixed models for longitudinal/clustered data and other related topics. In D. B. Dunson (Ed.)Random effect and latent variable model selection. (pp.19-36). New York, NY: Springer.

The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology