- 권한신청
- P-ISSN1229-0661
- E-ISSN1229-0661
- KCI
동성애자에 대한 외현적 및 암묵적 태도
Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Toward Homosexuals
유민희 (고려대학교)
류재희 (고려대학교)
박선웅 (고려대학교)
초록
최근 국내에서 동성애자의 인권을 보호하고자 하는 움직임이 일어나고 있지만, 동성애자에 대한 한국인의 태도를 알아본 연구는 극히 드물다. 본 연구는 게이와 레즈비언에 대한 한국인의 외현적 및 암묵적 태도를 알아보고, 각각이 개방성 및 가치개방성과 가지는 관련성을 확인하였다. 56명의 참여자들은 게이와 레즈비언에 대한 태도 척도에 응답하고, 성격 5요인 중 개방성 항목에 응답하였다. 그 후, 동성애자를 대상으로 한 암묵적 연합 검사(Implicit Association Test)를 수행하였다. 그 결과, 성별에 상관없이 참여자들은 레즈비언보다 게이에 대해서 더 높은 외현적 편견을 가지고 있었다. 게이에 대한 암묵적 편견 역시 레즈비언에 대한 암묵적 편견보다 높았다. 게이에 대한 암묵적 편견은 성별에 따라 차이가 없는 반면, 레즈비언에 대한 암묵적 편견은 남성 참여자가 여성 참여자보다 더 높았으며 여성 참여자는 레즈비언에 대한 암묵적 편견이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 개방성은 외현적 편견과 부적 상관관계에 있었지만, 가치개방성은 외현적 및 암묵적 편견 모두와 부적 상관관계에 있었다. 본 연구는 국내에서 최초로 동성애자에 대한 외현적 및 암묵적 태도를 모두 측정해 동성애자에 대한 한국인의 태도를 입체적으로 확인하고, 가치개방성과 동성애자에 대한 태도가 긴밀하게 관련됨을 확인했다는 의의를 가진다.
- keywords
- homosexuality, prejudice, explicit attitude, implicit attitude, openness, 동성애, 편견, 외현적 태도, 암묵적 태도, 개방성
Abstract
Despite recent social movements to protect homosexuals’ rights in Korea, psychological research investigating attitudes toward homosexuals has been largely ignored. The present study examined Koreans’ explicit and implicit attitudes toward homosexuals and how openness is related to them. College students (N = 56) responded to questionnaires assessing explicit attitudes toward homosexuals and openness, one of the five factors of personality. They then took an Implicit Association Test designed to assess implicit attitudes toward homosexuals. We found that participants in general had more negative explicit attitudes toward gay men than lesbians. Implicit prejudice against gay men was also higher than lesbians. There was no participant sex difference in implicit attitudes toward gay men. However, male participants had more negative implicit attitudes toward lesbians than female participants did; in fact, females’ implicit attitudes toward lesbians were not biased. While openness was negatively related only to explicit prejudice, values, one of the facets of openness, was negatively related to both explicit and implicit prejudice. This was the first study in Korea that investigated both explicit and implicit attitudes toward gay men and lesbians.
- keywords
- homosexuality, prejudice, explicit attitude, implicit attitude, openness, 동성애, 편견, 외현적 태도, 암묵적 태도, 개방성
참고문헌
강병철 (2011). 사회적 낙인 인식이 성소수자의 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향. 한국사회복지연구회, 42(2), 381-417.
공성욱, 오강섭, 노경선 (2002). 남성 동성애자와 이성애자의 삶의 질과 정신건강 비교. 신경정신의학, 41(5), 167-189.
김수경 (2015). 인권의 보편성에 대한 두 가지 시선. 한국사회학회 사회학대회 논문집, 213-214.
김용희, 반건호 (2005). 한국판 동성애 공포척도의 신뢰도와 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 10(3), 327-336.
김은경, 권정혜 (2004). 동성애 관련 스트레스가 남성 동성애자의 정신건강에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 23(4), 969- 981.
류성진 (2013). 동성애에 대한 미국 연방대법원의 최근 결정과 시사점. 공법학 연구, 14(4), 87-114.
서영석, 이정림, 차주환 (2006). 성역할태도, 종교성황, 권위주의 및 문화적 가치가 대학생의 동성애혐오에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 18(1), 177-199.
신승배 (2013). 한국 동성애자의 건강관련 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 요인. 보건사회연구, 33(1), 380-415.
윤가현 (1995). 동성애에 대한 편견. 서울: 지성과 패기, 26, 112-116.
이선경, 팔로마 베나비데스, 허용회, 박선웅 (2014). 한국 대학생들의 나르시시즘 증가: 시교차적 메타분석(1999-2014). 한국심리학회지: 일반, 33(3), 609-625.
이승은 (1993). NEO-PI-R 성격검사의 신뢰도 및 타당도 예비연구. 연세대학교 석사학위 논문.
이영선, 권보민, 이동훈 (2012). 청소년의 동성애 경험, 성의식, 동성애 혐오, 우울의 관계. 재활심리연구, 19(1), 129-147.
이인혜 (1997). NEO-PI-R의 타당성 연구. 성격 및 개인차연구, 6, 57-70.
이혜민, 박주영, 김승섭 (2014). 한국 성소수자 건강 연구. 보건과 사회과학, 36, 43-76.
정재진, 전영평 (2006). 동성애 소수자의 차별저항과 정책변동. 한국행정연구, 15(4), 207-240.
장휘숙 (1995). 한국대학생의 성에 대한 가치관 연구, 전환기에 선 한국인의 가치관. 소화, 155-213.
Anderson, J., & Koc, Y. (2015). Exploring patterns of explicit and implicit anti-gay attitudes in Muslims and Atheists. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(6), 687-701.
Anselmi, P., Voci, A., Vianello, M., & Robusto, E. (2015). Implicit and explicit sexual attitudes across gender and sexual orientation. Journal of Bisexuality, 15(1), 40-56.
Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R., & Mücke, D. (2002). Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 380-393.
Banse, R., Seise, J., & Zerbes, N. (2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 145-160.
Barron, J., Struckman-Johnson, C., Quevillon, R., & Banka, S. (2008). Heterosexual men's attitudes toward gay men: A hierarchical model including masculinity, openness, and theoretical explanations. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 9(3), 154-166.
Bergh, R., Akrami, N., & Ekehammar, B. (2012). The Personality Underpinnings of Explicit and Implicit Generalized Prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(5), 614-621.
Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., & Burrows, C. N. (2015). Implications of the Implicit Association Test D-Transformation for Psychological Assessment. Assessment, 22(4), 429-440.
Breen, A. B., & Karpinski, A. (2013). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward gay males and lesbians among heterosexual males and females. Journal of Social Psychology, 153, 351-374.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R, professional manual: revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Cullen, J. M., Wright, L. W., & Alessandri, M. (2002). The personality variable openness to experience as it relates to homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 119-134.
Dasgupta, N., & Rivera, L. M. (2006). From automatic antigay prejudice to behavior: The moderating role of conscious beliefs about gender and behavioral control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 268-280.
Dasgupta, N., & Rivera, L. M. (2008). When social context matters: The influence of long-term contact and short-term exposure to admired outgroup members on implicit attitudes and behavioral intentions. Social Cognition, 26, 112-123.
Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. L. (2002). The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 835-848.
Dickter, C. L., Forestell, C. A., & Mulder, B. E. (2015). Neural attention and evaluative responses to gay and lesbian couples, Social Neuroscience, 10(3), 308-319.
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
Gabriel, U., Banse, R., & Hug, F. (2007). Predicting private and public helping behaviour by implicit attitudes and the motivation to control prejudiced reactions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 365-382.
Greene, B., & Herek, G. M. (Eds.). (1994). Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications(Vol. 1.). Sage Publications.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17-41.
Herek, G. M. (1986). On heterosexual masculinity: Some psychical consequences of the social construction of gender and sexuality. American Behavioral Scientists, 29, 563-577.
Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 451-477.
Herek, G. M. (1994). Assessing Heterosexuals’ Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men: A Review of Empirical Research with the ATLG Scale. Psychological perspective on lesbian and gay issues, 1, 206-228.
Herek, G. M. (2000). Sexual prejudice and gender: Do heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men differ? Journal of Social Issues, 56, 251-266.
Hinrichs, D. W., & Rosenberg, P. J. (2002). Attitudes toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons among heterosexual liberal arts college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 43, 61-84.
Hoffarth, M. R., & Hodson, G. (2014). Is subjective ambivalence toward gays a modern form of bias? Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 75-80.
Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369-1385.
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., Knobe, J., & Bloom, P. (2009). Disgust sensitivity predicts intuitive disapproval of gays. Emotion, 9, 435-439.
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., & Bloom, P. (2011). Disgusting smells cause decreased liking of gay men. Emotion, 12, 23-27.
Kite, M. E. (1984). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuals: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 68-81.
Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E. (1996). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexualpersons, behaviors, and civil rights: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 336-353.
Lazarević, L. B., Orlić, A., & Knežević, G. (2015). Prospects of implicit measures in assessment of defensive function of explicit homophobia in heterosexuals, Psihologija, 48(1), 79-95.
Lemm, K. M. (2006). Positive associations among interpersonal contact, motivation, and implicit and explicit attitudes toward gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 51, 79-99.
Logan G. D. (1988). Toward an instance theory of automization. Psychological Review, 95(4), 492- 527.
Moskowitz G. B., Gollwitzer P. M., Wasel W., & Schaal B. (1999). Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 167-184.
Neumann, R., Hülsenbeck, K., & Seibt, B. (2004). Attitudes toward people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 543-550.
Nosek, B. A. (2005). Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 565-584.
Phillips, J. C., Ingram, K. M., Smith, N. G., & Mindes, E. J. (2003). Methodological and review of lesbian bisexual-related articles in counseling journals: 1990-1999. The Counseling Psychologist, 31(1), 25-62.
Ratcliff, J. J., Miller, A. K., & Krolikowski, A. M. (2012). Why pride displays elicit support from majority group members: The mediational role of perceived deservingness. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16(4), 462-475.
Smith, A. R. (2012). The effects of pathogen and moral disgust on implicit and explicit attitudes regarding male homosexuality. University of Miami, 2012.335.
Steffens, M. C., & Buchner, A. (2003). Implicit Association Test: Separating transsituationally stable and variable components of attitudes toward gay men. Experimental Psychology, 50, 33-48.
Steffens, M. C. (2004). Is the Implicit Association Test Immune to Faking? Experimental Psychology, 51, 165-179.
Steffens, M. C. (2005). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 49, 39-65.
Van Hiel, A., Kossowska, M., & Mervielde, I. (2000). The relationship between openness to experience and political ideology. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 741-751.
Von Hippel, W., Sekaquaptewa, D., & Vargas, P. (1997). The linguistic intergroup bias as an implicit indicator of prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(5), 490-509.
Westgate, E. C., Riskind, R. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2015) Implicit preferences for straight people over lesbian women and gay men weakened from 2006 to 2013. Collabra, 1(1), 1-10.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수