Korean Psychological Journal of Culture and Social Issues
- Log In/Sign Up
- P-ISSN1229-0661
- E-ISSN1229-0661
- KCI
Mental Health In LGBTs Resulting From Family Rejection: Consensual Qualitative Research
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate families' responses and attitudes and the experiences of Korean LGBT individuals after revealing their sexual identity and sexual orientation and to determine how families' attitudes affected the mental health of these individuals. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were performed with 12 male and female LGBT participants, ranging from 19–30 years of age, who resided in Seoul and metropolitan areas, and reported coming out to or being outed by their families. One-to-one interviews were carried out using semi-structured questions, and the data from the interviews were analyzed using consensual qualitative research (CQR). Ｍost of the families had very negative responses and attitudes to the participants coming out and exhibited rejection or avoidant attitudes; only a few of the families responded with receptive attitudes. As a result, the LGBT participants reacted with friction and coping behaviors, such as persuasion, participation in professional counseling, abandonment or avoidance, and running away from home. Ｍost of the effects of the families' attitudes on the participants were negative psychological effects, such as anger, sadness, a sense of alienation, depression, anxiety, fear, trauma, helplessness, lowered self-esteem, alcohol dependence, and suicidal ideation and attempt, while receptive attitudes provided a sense of stability. For all participants, they reported that they were more likely to be hurt by their families' negative attitudes than by social attitudes. This study is significant because it provides framework for specifying families' attitudes and LGBT individuals’ experiences after coming out in Korean society. It also outlines LGBT individuals’ coping behaviors, psychological difficulties, and the process of coming out and provides suggestions for individuals to overcome. The results are expected to help counselors create practical strategies to better understand LGBT individuals and the psychological difficulties they may experience and provide proper interventions while counseling both the individual and the family.
- keywords
- 성소수자, 동성애, 커밍아웃, 정신건강, 가족, 수용, 거부, sexual minority, LGBT, homosexuality, coming out, mental health, family, acceptance, rejection
Reference
강병철 (2011). 사회적 낙인 인식이 성소수자의 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향. 사회복지 연구, 42(2). ｐ. 381-417.
강병철, 김지혜 (2006). 청소년 성소수자의 생활실태 조사. 한국 청소년개발원.
강병철, 하경희 (2005). 청소년 동성애자의 동성애 관련 특성이 자살 위험성에 미치는 영향. 청소년학 연구, 12(3), ｐ. 267-289.
강현선 (2014). 고등학생이 지각한 부모의 양육태도가 동성애에 대한 태도에 미치는 영향: 권위주의 성격의 매개효과. 중앙대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문.
공성욱, 오강섭, 노경선 (2002). 남성 동성애자와 남성 이성애자의 삶의 질과 정신건강 비교. 신경정신학회지, 41, ｐ. 930-941.
국가인권 위원회 (2006, 2015). 성적 지향/성별정체성에 따른 차별 실태조사
김교헌 (1994). 자기노출과 분노억제 경향에 따른 생리 정서 및 자기이해 효과. 성균관대학교 대학원. 박사학위 논문.
김길문, 정남운 (2004). 질적 연구 방법론 초보 상담자가 상담회기 내에 경험한 어려움과 대처 과정: 질적 분석. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 16(1).
김성연 (2013). 대인관계 심리학적 모형으로 본 동성애자의 자살. 고려대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문.
김유니 (2005). 청소년의 동성애에 대한 태도와 동성애적 성향이 정신건강에 미치는 영향 연구: 우울과 자살생각을 중심으로. 숭실대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문.
김은경 (2000). 동성애 관련 스트레스가 남성 동성애자의 정신 건강에 미치는 영향. 고려대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문.
김형지 (2014). 사회불안을 호소하는 동성애자 남성의 사회적지지 특성에 대한 합의적 질적 연구. 서강대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문.
박의주 (2011). 남성 동성애자의 내재화된 동성애혐오와 심리적 안정감 및 드러내기 간의 관계 사회적 지지의 조절효과. 건국대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문.
박정은 (2013). 내담자에 대한 상담자의 불편감이 상담자 정보처리 과정에 미치는 영향-동성애 내담자를 중심으로. 서울대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문.
서영석, 이정림, 강재희, 차주환 (2007). 상담자의 동성애혐오반응에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 19(2), ｐ. 213-237.
성소수자 부모모임 (2015). 나는 성소수자의 부모입니다. 행동하는 성소수자인권연대.
성소수자연구회(준) (2016). 성소수자에 대한 12가지 질문. ｐ.42-43.
솜자리 피쿨텅 (2002). 한국 동성애 및 한국인의 동성애에 대한 태도 연구. 한국외국어대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문
여기동 (2004). 한국 남성 동성애 성정체성 발달과정과 정신건강문제. 인하대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문.
유네스코 (2013). 동성애혐오성 괴롭힘 없는 학교. 유네스코 위원회. p51
윤가현 (1997). 동성애의 심리학. 서울: 학지사.
이봉재 (1995). 동성애에 대한 사회사업가들의 태도 연구. 총신대 신학대학원. 석사학위논문.
이수진 (1996). 드러내기를 중심으로 본 동성애자의 정신건강특성. 연세대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문
이영선 권보민 이동훈 (2012). 청소년의 동성애 경험, 성의식, 동성애 혐오, 우울의 관계. 재활심리연구, 19(1), 129-147
임민경 (2014). 남녀 동성애자의 내면화된 성적 낙인 척도 타당화 연구. 고려대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문.
조긍호 (2003). 한국인 이해의 개념들. 서울: 나남출판사
한국청소년개발원 (2006). 청소년 성소수자의 생활 실태 조사 보고서
한국성소수자사회의 의식조사기획단(2007). 성소수자 사회의식 조사. http://www.lgbtact.org/zbxe
한국성적소수자문화인권센터. 동성애자 인권연대, 한국게이인권운동단체 친구사이, 한국 레즈비언상담소 (2014). 무지개 성 상담소. 서울: 양철북.
한채윤 (2013). 한국 상담가들을 위한 7가지 LGBT 상담 가이드라인, LGBT 심리상담을 위한 도움글 모음집. p.64-73
허정은 (2004). 동성애자의 동성애 관련 스트레스 및 우울과 자살사고간의 관계. 서울여자대학교 대학원. 석사학위논문. p.20-26
정혜신 (2013). “성소수자, 함께 모여야 한다.” 성소수자 인권지지 프로젝트. 한국게이인권운동단체 친구사이. 유투브 영상. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HF2VySDyCuA
한겨레21 (2015). “엄마는 커밍아웃 중!” http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/40198.html
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. (2011). Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide. Volume 3.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Position Statement on Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation Reparative or Conversion Therapies.
American Psychological Association. (1993). Sexual Orientation & Homosexuality. http://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.aspx
Bagley, C., & Tremblay, P. (1997). Suicidal behaviors in homosexual and bisexual males. The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 13(1), p. 24-34.
Betz, N. E.,& Fitzgerald, L.F. (1993). Individuality and Diversity: Theory and Research in Counseling Psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), ｐ. 343-381.
Bregman, H., Malik, N., Page, M., Makynen, E.& Lindahl, K. (2013). Identity Profiles in Lesbian, gay, bisexual youth - The Role of Family Influences, J Youth Adolescence 42: 417-430.
Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control. Academic Press.
D'Augelli, A., Groosman, A., & Starks, M. (2005). Parents' Awareness of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths' Sexual Orientation, Journal of Marriage & Family, p.474
Diamond, G., Diamond, G. S., Levy, S., Closs, C., Ladipo, T., & Siqueland, L. (2012). Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Suicidal Lesbian, Gay and bisexual adolescents: A treatment development study and open trial with prelimiary findings. Psychotherapy, 49, p. 62-71.
Diamond, G. S., Shilo. G., Jufgensen, E., D'Augelli, N., Samarova, V., & White, K.(2011). How depressed and suicidal sexual minority adolescent understand the causes of their distress, Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 15:130-151
Diamond, G. Ｓ., & Shpigel, M. (2014). Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Lesbian and Gay Young Adults and Their Persistently Non-accepting Parents, Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, p. 258-268
Fairchild, B., & Hayward, N. (1989). Now that you know: What every parents should know about homosexuality. San Diego: Hartcourt Brace Jovenovich.
Fassinger, R. E. (1991). The Hidden Minority: Issues and Challenges in Working with Lesbian women and gay men. The Counseling Psychologist, 19(2), p.157-176.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. California: Stanford University Press.
Garnets, L., Herek, G., & Levy, B. (1990). Violence and victimization of lesbians and gay men: Mental health consequences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, p.366-383.
Gates, G. J. (2011). “How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender?”. Williams Institute, University of California School of Law.
Haldeman, D. (2002). Gay rights, patient rights: The implications of sexual orientation conversion therapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(3), p. 260-264.
Hammelman, T. L. (1993). Gay and lesbian youth: Contributing factors to serious attempts or considerations of suicide. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 2, p. 77-89
Hatzenbuehler ML. (2011). The social environment and suicide attempts in a population-based sample of LGB youth. Pediatrics. 127, p.896 -903.
Heatherington, L., & Lavner, J. (2008). Coming to terms with coming out: Review and Recommendations for Family Systems -Focused Research, Journal of Family Psychology, p.329- 343
Herdt, G., & Koff, B. (2000). Something to tell you: The road families travel when a child is gay. In Between men and women. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Hershberger, S. L., & D'Augelli, A. R. (1995). The impact of victimization on the mental health and suicidality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Developmental Psychology, 31, p. 65-74.
Hetrick, E. S., & Martin, A. D. (1987). Devemlopmental issues and their resolution for gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Homosexuality, 14(1/2), p. 25-42.
Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., William, E. N. (1997). Consensual Qualitative Research. The Counseling Psychologist. volume 25, 4, p.517 -572.
Hite, S. (1981). The Hite Report, New York: Macmillan.
Kite, M., & Deaux, K. (1986). Attitude toward homosexuality: Assessment and behavioral consequences. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 7, p137-162.
Leviton, S. (2015). The Shameful Fallout of Parental Rejection for LGBT Kids, The Good Therapy. http://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/the-shameful-fallout-of-parental-rejection-for-lgbt-kids-031915
Marcus, E. (2000). Coming Out, Coming Home: Helping Families Adjust to a Lesbian or Gay Child. Columbia University Press.
Mayeno, L. (2015). Support for educators, Support for LGBTQ+ Youth, Support for service providers, Out Proud Families http://www.outproudfamilies.com/?p=655#sthash.h1gUJnsR.dpuf
Mays, Ｖ. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2001). Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination Among Lesbian, Gay, Nad Bisexual Adults in th United States. American Journal of Public Health, 01(11), 1869-1876.
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38-56.
Mohr, J., & Fassinger, R. (2000). Measuring dimensions of lesbian and gay male experience. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33(2), p. 66-90.
National Alliance to End Homelessness (2012). Family Acceptance as one Solution to LGBT Youth Homelessness http://www.endhomelessness.org/library/entry/family-acceptance-as-one-solution-to-lgbt-youth-homelessness
Pennebaker, J. W., Hughes, C. F., & O' Heeron, R. C. (1987). The psychophysiology of confession: Linking inhibitory and psychosomatic processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537.
Pew Research Center. (2013). The Global Divide on Homosexuality-Greater Acceptance in More Secular and Affluent Countries. Q27. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/pew-global-attitudes-homosexuality-report-final-june-4-2013.pdf.
PFLAG (2015). PFLAG's History. Parents, Families, Friends of Lesbians & Gays, Inc. http://community.pflag.org/page.aspx?pid=267
Remafadi, G., Farrow, J., & Deisher, R. W. (1991). Risk factors for attempted suicide in gay and bisexual youth. Pediatrics, 1991, 869-875.
Ross, M. W. (1990). The relationship between life events and mental health in homosexxual men. Journal od Clinical Psychology, 46(4), 402- 411.
Rothman, E. F., Sullivan, M., Keyes, K., Boehmer, U. (2012). Parents' supportive reactions to sexual orientation disclosure associated with better health: Results from a population-based survey of LGB adults in Massachusetts, Journal of homosexuality, 59(2), p.186-200
Ryan, C., Stephen, R, David, H. (2010). Family Acceptance in Adolescence and the Health of LGBT Young Adults, Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, p. 205-212.
Ryan, S. (2014). Beyond teen angst: How stress and trauma relate to psychological well-being in sexual minority young adults, Adelphi University.
Samarova, V., Shilo, G., & Diamond, G. M. (2013). Changes over time in youths' perceived parental acceptance of their sexual minority status. Journal of Research on Adolescence. doi:10.1111/jora.12071.
Sauerman T. (1995). Read This Before Coming Out to Your Parents. PFLAG Philadelphia
Stadtlander, B. (2015). 8 ways to be a good ally when a loved one comes out as trans, Reconciling Ministries Network, http://www.rmnetwork.org/newrmn/8-ways-to-be-a-good-ally-when-a-loved-one-comes-out-as-trans．
Saltsburg, S. (2004). Learning That an Adolescent Child Is Gay or Lesbian: The Parent Experience, Social Work, p. 109．
Savin-Williams, R. (1990). Gay and lesbian youth: Expression of identity. New York: Hemisphere Publ.
Troiden R. R. (1989). The formation of homosexual identities. In: Herdt G, editor. Gay and lesbian youth. New York: Haworth. p.43-73.
Wooden, W.,& Parker, J. (1982). Men behind bars: Sexual Exploitation in prison, New York: Plenum Press.
World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva.
WPA (2016). Position Statement on Gender Identity and Same-Sex Orientation, Attraction, and Behaviours
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations