The purpose of this study was to investigate mediating the effect of Happiness Enhancing Activities(HEA) on the relationship between Balanced Time Perspective(BTP) and Subjective Well-Being(SWB). For this study, total subjects were 372 which is composed of the early-aged adults 192 and late middle aged adults 180 from Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do in South Korea. They completed the survey which is included Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory(ZTPI), Korean Version of the Happiness-Enhancing Activities Questionnaire(K-HAQ) and Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS), Positive and Negative Affect Scale(PANAS). As a result of bootstrapping, BTP has a positive effect on SWB with the mediating effect of HEA and it comes out in the both subjects, early-aged adults and late middle-aged adults. To be specific, mediating effect of goal-focused activities and activities with family and friends in the relationship on BTP and SWB was significant for the early-aged. However only mediating effect of activities with friends in the relationship on BTP and SWB was significant for the middle-aged. This study is meaningful, it has turned up the effect of BTP on HEA in both subjects, early-aged adults and late middle-aged adults as well as found out the differences between generations of HEA.
구재선, 김의철 (2006). 한국인의 행복 경험에 대한 토착문화심리학적접근. 한국심리학회지: 문화및사회문제, 12(2), 77-100.
구재선, 서은국 (2011). 한국인, 누가 언제 행복한가?. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 25(2), 143-166.
김경미, 류승아, 최인철 (2014). 행복과 학업성취. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 20(4), 329-346.
김범준 (2014). 시간관과 행복. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 28(1), 49-67.
김상표, 변충규, 하환호 (2016). 균형 잡힌 시간관과 창업시도태도의 관계. 한국창업학회지, 11(4), 110-129.
김애순 (2012). 장․노년 심리학. 서울: 시그마프레스.
문별님 (2017, 1, 23). <하재근의 문화읽기> 2017트렌드 ‘욜로(YOLO)’. EBS 뉴스. http://news.ebs.co.kr/ebsnews에서 2017, 8, 25 자료 얻음
박영신, 김의철, 박선영 (2013). 성인이 지각한 행복의 수준과 요인. 인간발달연구, 20, 153-184.
박희은, 김기호, 이장한 (2017). 한국형 스웨덴 짐바르도 시간관 설문지 타당화 연구. 한국자료분석학회, 19(1), 489-502.
송유현 (2016). 시간관이 중년의 행복에 미치는 영향: 노후준비행동의 매개효과. 성신여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
오세은 (2017, 7, 26). 2030세대 44% ‘난 욜로(YOLO)족’. 아시아투데이. http://www.asiatoday.co.kr에서 2017, 9, 10 자료 얻음.
윤소정, 김정섭 (2012). 한국형 Zimbardo 시간관 척도 타당화. 교육심리연구, 26(2), 587-606.
이고은, 신현정 (2014). 속담에 내포된 전통적 시간조망과 현대 한국인의 시간조망. 한국민족문화, (53), 205-234.
이송희 (2018). 반추와 우울의 관계에서 균형 잡힌 시간관의 조절효과. 청소년학연구, 25(2), 113-136.
이현희, 김은정, 이민규 (2003). 한국판 정적 정서 및 부적 정서 척도(Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(4), 935- 946.
임영진 (2012). 한국판 삶의 만족도 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 31(3), 877-896.
임정하, 김경민, 강현지, 조은영 (2017). 부부의 행복추구경향과 행복증진활동이 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향: 자기효과와 상대방효과를 중심으로. 인간발달연구, 24, 157- 177.
임정하, 김경민, 조은영, 강현지 (2016). 한국판 행복증진활동 척도 타당화. 인간발달연구, 23, 131-149.
장휘숙 (2009). 성인초기의 발달과업과 행복의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 22(1), 19-36.
전경숙, 정태연 (2009). 한국 청소년의 행복을 결정하는 요인들. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 15(1), 133-153.
최종안, 이민하, 권유리, 최인철, 최은수 (2016). 낙관적인 사람이 행복할까, 행복한 사람이 낙관적일까?. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 30(3), 95-114.
최지선 (2016). 균형적 시간조망척도(K-BTPS)의 한국 타당화 연구: 대학생을 대상으로. 용문상담심리대학원대학교. 석사학위논문.
탁진국, 장성배, 김수연, 이병걸, 남동엽 (2016). 짐바르도 시간관 척도 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 29(3), 367-383.
Anagnostopoulos, F., & Griva, F. (2012). Exploring time perspective in Greek young adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and relationships with mental health indicators. Social Indicators Research, 106(1), 41-59.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Burke, R. (2009). Workaholism and relationship quality: A spillover-crossover perspective. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(1), 23.
Boniwell, I., Osin, E., Alex Linley, P., & Ivanchenko, G. V. (2010). A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(1), 24-40.
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. Positive psychology in practice, 10, 165-180.
Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science, 312(5782), 1913-1915.
Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Zhdanova, L., Pui, S. Y., & Baltes, B. B. (2016). All work and no play? A meta-analytic examination of the correlates and outcomes of workaholism. Journal of Management, 42(7), 1836-1873.
Daugherty, J. R., & Brase, G. L. (2010). Taking time to be healthy: Predicting health behaviors with delay discounting and time perspective. Personality and Individual differences, 48(2), 202-207.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157.
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Drake, L., Duncan, E., Sutherland, F., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008). Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time & Society, 17(1), 47-61.
Epel, E. S., Bandura, A., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1999). Escaping homelessness: The influences of self‐efficacy and time perspective on coping with homelessness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(3), 575-596.
Gao, Y. J. (2011). Time perspective and life satisfaction among young adults in Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 39(6), 729-736.
García, J. A., & Ruiz, B. (2015). Exploring the role of time perspective in leisure choices: What about the balanced time perspective?. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(5), 515-537.
Havighurst, R. (1972). Developmental tasks and education (3rd Edit.) New York: David McKay Co.
Henricksen, A., & Stephens, C. (2013). The happiness-enhancing activities and positive practices inventory (HAPPI): Development and validation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 81-98.
Jochemczyk, Ł., Pietrzak, J., Buczkowski, R., Stolarski, M., & Markiewicz, Ł. (2017). You only live once: present-hedonistic time perspective predicts risk propensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 115, 148-153.
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who's smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic and applied social psychology, 21(2), 149-164.
Levinson, D. J. (1986). A conception of adult development. American psychologist, 41(1), 3.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244(4907), 933-938.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Rönnlund, M., Åström, E., & Carelli, M. G. (2017). Time perspective in late adulthood: aging patterns in past, present and future dimensions, deviations from balance, and associations with subjective well-being. Timing & Time Perception, 5(1), 77-98.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). 긍정심리학 (김인자 역). 서울: 물푸레. (원서 출판 2002).
Seppälä (2017). 해피니스트랙 (이수경 역). 서울: 한국경제신문. (원서 출판 2016).
Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). Is it possible to become happier?(And if so, how?). Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 129-145.
Stolarski, M., Bitner, J., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2011). Time perspective, emotional intelligence and discounting of delayed awards. Time & Society, 20(3), 346-363.
Stolarski, M., Fieulaine, N., & van Beek, W. (2015). Time perspective theory: Review, research and application. Cham: Springer International.
Vowinckel, J. C. (2012). Balanced time perspectives and mindfulness (Bachelor's thesis, University of Twente).
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063.
Wolf, F. M., & Savickas, M. L. (1985). Time perspective and causal attributions for achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(4), 471.
Zhang, J. W., & Howell, R. T. (2011). Do time perspectives predict unique variance in life satisfaction beyond personality traits?. Personality and individual differences, 50(8), 1261-1266.
Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., & Stolarski, M. (2013). Comparing three methods to measure a balanced time perspective: The relationship between a balanced time perspective and subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness studies, 14(1), 169-184.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-88.
Zimbardo, P., & Boyd, J. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. Simon and Schuster.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2016). 나는 왜 시간에 쫓기는가 (오정아 역). 서울: 프런티어. (원서 출판 2008).
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(6), 1007-1023.