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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.13 No.2
Abstract
The feature integration theory (Treisman et ai., 1982) predicts that illusory conjunctions are not affected by the distance between stimuli. The location uncertainty hypothesis (Ashby et al., 1996), however, proposes that illusory conjunctions occur only between the adjacent stimuli. Four experiments investigated the distance effect of illusory conjunction. Using a new primary task in which memory load is minimized Experiment 1 showed that illusory conjunctions occurred only between the adjacent items when only two letters was displayed and perceptual grouping was controlled. In Experiment 2, a nontarget was added in the display, and increased attentional load and perceptual grouping was manipulated (horizontal, vertical, and random array). Attentional load made quite large illusory conjunctions between letters at far distances, but perceptual grouping had no effect at far distances. In Experiment 3, small attention load conditions demonstrated a clear distance effect, whereas a large load produced about same amount of illusory conjunctions at all distances. Finally, Experiment 4 replicated the results on the random array condition in ex. 2 and ex. 3, and confirmed that illusory conjunctions are an attentional failure in nature rather than a sensory failure. Also it implicated that illusory conjunctions between the adjacent letters and those between the far letters may be influenced by the different variables.
Abstract
The authors examined the hemispheric asymmetry of level of processing(LoP) effect in implicit and explicit memory test by using divided-visual-fieid method. Within-modality priming for words (Exp. 1) was greater at both perceptual and semantic encoding conditions when test stimuli were presented initially to the right cerebral hemisphere (RH), and LoP effect was observed only at left cerebral hemisphere (LH) presentation. In contrast, cross-modality priming with visual imaging at perceptual encoding (Exp. 2) showed no RH advantage at both encoding conditions, and showed no LoP effect at both hemispheric presentations. But, in both modality conditions, explicit memory showed no RH advantage, and showed equivalent LoP effect at both hemispheric presentations. Results support the distinction of form-specific representation system that is more effective in the RH and abstract form representation system that is not more effective in the RH (Marsolek et al., 1992), and suggest that the perceptual mechanisms underlying priming include data-driven processing and lexical processing.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to investigate the role of phonological information in Hangul word recognition manipulating frequency of words in a semantic categorization task. Stimuli used in the first 2 experiments were two syllable words, and exemplars and target words were different in the final consonant of the second syllable in Exp 1 and in the final consonant of the first syllable in Exp2. Exp 1 showed the results that subjects made more errors on low frequency target words and took longer times on high frequency exemplars than on controls. In Exp 2 subjects took longer times at the condition of high frequency examplars and low frequency targets than at a control condition. Exp 3 used pseudo-homophones of exemplars as targets, and found that subjects made more errors on both of high and low frequency exemplars and took longer times on high frequency exemplars than on controls. These results support the predictions of dual process models(e.g., Jared & Seidenberg, 1991) and suggest that the use of phonological and visual information depends on word frequency. That is, low frequency words are recognized by phonological route, but high frequency words by direct visual route.
Abstract
In Experiment 1, According to the type of utterance, experiment conditions were divided into the Read-Aloud group, the Self^Explanation group, and the Explaining to Others(teach) group. After finishing the task, each participant of group was given a recognition, recall, and drawing test. The Explaining to Others(Teach) group was better than the other groups in all tests. In experiment 2, the Explaining to Others group was subdivided into the Face to Face and the CMC(Computer Mediated Communication) group to study the effects of explanation depending on the type of an explainee. The result indicated that the experience of explanation was of benefit to the declarative knowledge acquisition. In addition, it was discussed that no difference in the Face to Face condition and CMC condition was due to the trade-offs of situational characteristics.
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to investigate the effects of perspectives on preference judgments. Proportion of investment to the total asset was manipulated in Experiment 1. Information about probability of gain and loss was highly correlated with the judgment in the price task, whereas information about the amount of gain and loss was correlated with the judgment in the selection task. The pattern of results in the three levels of investment, however, were quite similar to one another. Roles of the decision maker, either as buyers or as sellers, were manipulated in Experiment 2. Information about the amount of gain and loss was correlated with the judgment in the selection task for both buyers and sellers. Buyers and sellers were influenced by the expected value of the stocks and the probability of the gain of the stocks in the price task. However, relative importance of the two factors were different: Sellers were more influenced by the expected value of the stocks, whereas buyers were more influenced by the probability of gain. The results suggested that the perspectives of decision makers affected the relevance of information, and consequently the preference judgment.
Abstract
Most of the current studies on causal reasoning have focused on the acyclic causal relation. An acyclic causal relation is one in which event A causes event B, but B does not affect A. However, there is another type of causal relation. In a cyclic causal relation, event A causes B, and at the same time, B affects A. Popular examples of the cyclic causal relation can be found in situations such as "vicious circles" and arms race between nations in conflict. The present study aims at examining how ordinary people understand cyclic causal relations. A major finding was that, unlike an acyclic causal chain, people did not include all the related events as the cause of a cyclic event. Instead they often chose one event ignoring ocher causally relevant events. Other findings and the implications for current models of causal reasoning are considered.