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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.17 No.1
Abstract
We measured the priming effects in face and facial expression recognition to examine if they are processed in separate channels. In facial expression recognition, the response times were found to be delayed when different faces with the same facial expressions were presented as the prime and the target. On the other hand, in face recognition, the latencies were affected by the expressions of the primes. Particularly, identical expressions in the paired faces shortened response times in identifying them. These results imply that face and facial expression are not processed in a totally parallel and independent way.
Abstract
Three questionnaires and one on-line experiment were carried out to examine the use of grammatical constraints and processing strategy of topic noun phrases in Korean. Questionnaires 1 and 2 examined the use of grammatical information of the topic noun phrase by comparing the influence of sentence-initial topic noun phrases with that of sentence-initial subject-marked noun phrases on the interpretation of the sentences with a relative clause. Using the sentences with the two-layer relative clause, Questionnaire 1 found that the relative head was preferred as the subject of the lower relative clause in the topic noun phrase condition more than that in the subject-marked noun phrase condition. Using the sentences with the number and its classifier, Questionnaire 2 showed that a person who was not described in the sentence was preferred as the subject of the main clause in the topic noun phrase more than in the subject-marked noun phrase condition as in Questionnaire 1. The results of Questionnaire 1 and Questionnaire 2 showed the use of grammatical knowledge that a topic phrase is not analyzed as a constituent of the relative clause. Using the sentences with the complement clause, Questionnaire 3 investigated the ambiguity of the interpretation of the topic noun phrases. The subject interpretation of a topic noun phrase was preferred over the object interpretation. The reading experiment also showed that the main verb was read faster when a topic noun phrase was the subject in the main clause than when it was an object. We explained these results as the higher-clause subject strategy that states that the topic noun phrase is initially analyzed as the subject of a clause and is maintained as the subject of the higher clause if it is allowed in the grammar.
Abstract
We conducted three experiments investigating whether event-based prospective memory(PM) demanded cognitive processing resources and confirming the brain regions involved in this process. In Experiment 1, we found that, in PM task adding, the performance of ongoing verbal working memory task was decreased. It showed that PM demanded cognitive processing resources. In experiment 2, we compared the intentional executive PM condition with the control condition demanding only the verbal working memory task; we also compared the intentional maintaining PM condition without real execution with the same control condition. In both intentional executive and maintaining PM conditions, the performances of verbal working memory were lower than the control condition. This showed that results of experiment 1 were not simply from additional responses and both intentional execution and maintenance of PM demanded cognitive processing resources. Experiment 3 investigated the brain regions involved in intentional maintenance and execution of PM using the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). We observed that the prefrontal and cingulate cortices were activated by PM performance, the basal ganglia were activated by intentional executive PM, and the prefrontal and parietal cortices were activated by intentional maintaining PM. These results agree with the insistence of Smith(2003) that both intentional maintenance and execution of PM are not automatic but demand conscious processing resources.
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies have drawn a heterogeneous picture on the cerebral organization of a first language(L1) and a second language(L2). There had been some evidences that L1 and L2 are supported by identical brain regions, whereas contradictory results indicate a differential cerebral organization for L1 and L2. The purpose of the present paper is to see whether brain region activation during lexical decision tasks represents any spatial distinction between L1 and L2. To examine whether the two languages are represented in distinct or overlapping areas of the brain, we applied functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twelve right-handed Korean-English bilingual students were scanned during the lexical decision tasks. The cortical activations were compared with the eye fixation(baseline) condition. The contrast between the two languages(Korean, English) in the LDT task against baseline(Fig. 1) indicates the two languages are both represented bilaterally. The activated areas in Korean task were the bilateral IFG, the left cingulated gyrus, the postcentral gyrus and right insula. In English task, the bilateral inferior, medial and middle fronal gyri, the left postcentral gyrus, the left superior parietal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus were involved. It seemed that in the Korean-English late bilinguals lexical processing, distinct bilateral areas are recruited. It suggests the lexicon of the later acquired language should be represented some other place near the native tongue.
Abstract
This study is to develop the emotion-inducing protocols using audio-visual film clips that produce six emotions, happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise on college student, ranging 19-25 year old and standardize them. Additionally, emotion rating scales were also developed to measure psychological responses to each emotion. Each protocol consists of seven emotion pictures with about 2-3 minute long emotional scenes. All the subjects were to watch each emotional scene and were to evaluate emotions while they has watching them. A preliminary study was done to test the validity and ten protocols that produce emotions were developed. The results turned out that each protocol had over 80% of appropriateness and effectiveness, which implies these developed protocols are very effective in producing each basic emotion except anger and surprise.