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- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.25 No.2
Abstract
The own-race effect (ORE) is a phenomenon of which people are better at recognizing faces of their own race (SR) compared to those of other races (OR). According to Tanaka, Kiefer, & Bukach (2004), the ORE is caused by different levels of holistic process between SR and OR faces. On the other hand, the holistic process mainly relies on low spatial frequency (LSF) information (Derulle & Fagot, 2005; Flevaris, Robertson, & Bentin, 2008; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Harel & Bentin, 2009). Based on those two findings, we investigated the interaction between ORE and spatial frequency at perceptual level using a binocular rivalry paradigm. In Experiment 1, we observed the ORE at perceptual level and the perceptual dominancy of LSF face over HSF face. In Experiment 2, we investigated how different spatial frequency information influenced the ORE. Through the experiments, we found that the ORE was observed only when SR face had LSF information. These results show that LSF information in SR face is an important factor of the ORE.
Abstract
Humans are remarkably good at interpreting the identity and intentions of other people based on “body language” - dynamic cues portraying bodily movements. Befitting the important social significance of this perceptual ability, the human brain contains neural machinery uniquely responsive to the kinematics specifying human activity, including “biological motion” portrayed using just a small number of motion tokens specifying articulations of the body and limbs. We have established stimulus conditions that dissociate neural activity produced by presentation of biological events outside of conscious awareness from neural activity associated with conscious visual awareness of those events. We have used those stimulus conditions in concert with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure neural responses in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STSp), a crucial component in the neural network believed to underlie perception of biological motion. STSp was activated only when people actually perceived biological events and not when those events were registered outside of conscious awareness. These results provide direct evidence in support of the growing conviction that STSp, situated uniquely at the confluence of dorsal and ventral stream pathways, is intimately involved in actual perception of biologically relevant events.
Abstract
Acquisition of basic mathematical skills during early elementary school years serves as a critical foundation for mathematical development in adolescence and adulthood. The present study examined longitudinal changes in children’s behavior and brain activity during mathematical problem solving. Over a 1 year interval, children became more accurate and faster at math problem solving. Children who performed worse at 2nd grade showed greater performance improvements at 3rd grade. Children who were lower in retrieval use for problem solving showed greater increase in retrieval use after a year. We found significant over-additive increases in activation from 2nd to 3rd grade for Addition vs. Control problem solving in the anterior temporal cortex important for semantic memory. Individuals with greater increase in retrieval use had greater activation increase in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the fronto-parietal attention network. Performance improvements were positively correlated with activation increases mainly in the medial temporal lobe and the ventral visual stream. These findings indicate that the development of mathematical problem solving is dependent on the contribution of the fronto-parietal top-down attention and medial temporal lobe memory systems. In addition, higher order visual cortex in the ventral visual stream known to be important for visual symbol recognition seems to contribute to accurate and efficient math problem solving.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how emotional valence effect on global/local processing was influenced by individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC). Each trial of global/local visual processing task consisted of an emotional stimulus (positive/neutral/negative) followed by an hierarchical global/local stimulus. The reaction time data showed that participants with high WMC were overall faster than those with low WMC. The analysis of interference effect in high WMC demonstrated that the interference by an irrelevant global-level stimulus on local processing was larger under positive stimuli than under negative or neutral stimuli. But, in high WMC, the interference by local-level stimuli on global processing showed no emotional valence effect. On the other hand, low WMC showed larger interference effect under negative stimuli than under neutral or positive stimuli on both global and local processing. The results suggest that high WMC showed global dominance especially under positive stimuli, but low WMC showed more difficulty in controlling interference under negative stimuli than positive or neutral stimuli.
Abstract
When responding to numerals with left-right keypresses, performance is better for pairings of small numbers to left responses and large numbers to right responses than for the opposite pairings. Two accounts have been proposed to explain this Spatial Numerical Association of Response Code (SNARC) effect: the horizontal number line account which ascribes the SNARC effect to numbers coded as left or right and the polarity correspondence account which attributes it to the magnitude information being coded as a positive or negative polarity. This study examined whether the SNARC effect is due to the spatial correspondence between the number location on the number line and the response location, or to the correspondence between the polarity codes of the number magnitudes and response locations. When participants responded to the magnitude of an Arabic numeral presented at the left or right to fixation in Experiment 1, the SNARC effect was constant regardless of spatial correspondence between the stimulus and response locations. In contrast, when the numeral was presented above or below fixation in Experiment 2, the SNARC effect was smaller for the up-left/down-right pairings than for the up-right/down-left pairings. These results support a view that polarity correspondence contributes to the SNARC effect.
Abstract
This report introduces a small-scale primate facility for brain, cognition, and behavior researches that has been in use since 2004 at the Seoul National University, Seoul Korea. The goal of the current report is to provide starting researchers and institutions with first-hand information regarding physical floor plan and operational principles of a compact but meeting high standards of safety and health for both attenders and animals. Along with the ‘Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals’, prepared by the U.S. National Academies, and the ‘Care of Primates Used in Scientific Procedures’, prepared by the U.K. Medical Research Council, the contents described in the current report will hopefully help starters to understand and plan necessary spaces and procedures, reducing trial and errors. We deal with animal maintenance only to such an extent that it is related with facility and its operation.