The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of parental overprotection on Korean college students’ moral behaviors. To test the prediction that overprotected participants will show more immoral behaviors in moral dilemma situations, we measured perceived parental overprotectiveness and morality. Participants were 113 college freshmen. Two types of modified experimental paradigms were used to assess participants on their levels of justice-oriented and prosocial morality. Based on whether they displayed moral behavior (i.e., honest or helping behavior) or not, participants were included in either moral or immoral group. Second, the levels of perceived maternal overprotectiveness and paternal overprotectiveness were assessed using Korean-Parental Overprotection Scale (K-POS) and were compared between moral and immoral group. For justice-oriented morality, the results showed that the immoral group reported a significantly higher level of perceived maternal overprotection compared to the moral group (t = 2.16, p < .05). On the contrast, paternal overprotection was not related to participants’ honesty. The results indicate that participants who experienced overprotective parental care are more likely to act immorally in moral dilemma situations dealing with justice. Meanwhile, for prosocial morality, both maternal and paternal overprotection levels did not result in significant difference between two groups. More Implications and limitations were discussed.
김무경, 오윤희, 오강섭 (2005). 지각된 부모 양육 행동이 사회 불안 증상에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 24(3), 599-614.
김은영, 류시천, 이진렬 (2003). 비쥬얼 이미지 정보의 점화효과에 따른 디자인 적용방안. 디자인학연구, 273-280.
김지연, 오경자 (2011). 부모의 과보호가 성인 자녀의 우울에 미치는 영향: 성별에 따른 자아탄력성의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 30(3), 647-661.
김진희, 강준자 (2008). 부모의 돌봄과 과보호가 중학생의 문제행동에 미치는 영향. 한국가정과교육학회 2008년 하계학술대회, 137-138
류재국 (2001). 부모의 자녀 교육태도가 아동의 도덕성 발달에 미치는 영향. 석사학위청구논문, 충북대학교 교육대학원.
박병기, 임신일 (2010). 시험불안 관련변인의 메타분석. 교육심리연구, 24(4), 875-894.
박은정 (1996). 유치원 및 초․중․고등학생 어머니의 양육태도 현황-대전지역을 중심으로. 석사학위청구논문, 중앙대학교
박정연, 이성희 (2009). 부모의 양육태도와 유아의 놀이성과의 관계. 실천유아교육, 14(1), 40-57.
박지현, 이명조 (2012). 대학생이 지각한 모의 양육태도와 심리적 안녕감의 관계에서 자기위로능력의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 25(2), 1-19.
서경현, 신현진, 문지영 (2010). 부모의 과보호와 아동의 사회불안. 스트레스 연구, 18(1), 19-27.
신수현 (2012). 지각된 부모의 과보호가 남자 고등학생들의 학업성취 발달경로에 미치는 영향. 석사학위청구논문, 연세대학교.
이성희 (2009). 청소년이 지각하는 부모양육태도와 도덕적 판단의 관계 연구. 석사학위논문, 부산대학교 교육대학원.
이시은 (2009). 대학생의 부모-자녀 결합 형태에 따른 자기효능감과 또래애착의 차이. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 21(2), 481-500.
이시은, 이재창 (2008). 부모유대와 대인애착간의 관계에 대한 지각된 사회적 지지의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 20(1), 83-101.
이옥주 (2004). 충동성과 대처양식이 학교적응과 학업성취에 미치는 영향. 교육심리연구, 18(3), 249-267.
이원영 (1983). 어머니의 자녀교육관 및 양육태도와 유아발달과의 관련성 연구. 박사학위청구논문, 이화여자대학교.
이원영 (1998). 한국인의 심리에 비추어 본 양육태도. 한국교육문제연구, 13, 1-18.
이정규, 최순자 (2007). 한국과 일본 어머니의 양육태도와 아동의 사회도덕성과의 관계. 아동교육, 16(2), 145-158.
이정훈 (2008). 유교문화권에서 부모의 양육행위가 자녀 도덕성 형성에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 27(3), 783-818.
이 철 (2009). 가정, 학교, 친구관계에서 발생하는 긴장이 청소년 비행에 미치는 효과 연구: 종합긴장모형과 세부긴장모형을 통한 탐색. 청소년학연구, 16(3), 237-257
정경미, 윤성연 (2015). 한국 과보호 양육척도(K-POS)의 개발 및 타당화 연구. 준비 중인 원고.
정석용 (2013, 08, 30). 자석떨림 이용 신종 토익부정행위 적발, 내일신문, 20면 3단.
정은영, 장성숙 (2008). 청소년이 지각한 어머니의 과보호 척도 개발: 탐색적 요인분석과 확인적 요인분석 결과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 20(2), 293-312.
정종화 (1997). 부모의 양육태도와 아동의 도덕적 판단과의 관계. 순천향 인문과학논총, 3(단일호), 273-294.
조성은, 박요진 (2013, 10, 15). “친구가 아니라 벌레?” 한심한 서울대생들의 왕따 문화, 국민일보, 1면 5단.
조인호 (2012). 남자고등학생이 지각한 부모의 과잉간섭적 양육태도와 도덕성의 관계. 석사학위청구논문, 연세대학교 교육대학원.
최규련 (2010). 가족구조, 부모와의 의사소통, 학업문제와 친구관계가 청소년 비행에 미치는 영향. 대학가정학회지, 48(7), 1-16.
최시원 (1997). 부모의 양육 태도와 아동의 도덕적 판단력과의 관계 연구. 석사학위청구논문, 성신여자대학교.
최지영 (2010). 전문가윤리의 관점에서 본 교사의 도덕성에 대한 탐색적 논의. 교육발전연구, 26(1), 73-90.
하영희, 김경연 (2003). 청소년의 도덕적 금지행동과 개인 및 가정환경 변인간의 인과관계. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 7(1), 17-30.
한국 갤럽 (1980). 한국의 아동과 어머니: 세계 6개국 아동의 어머니의 의식구조 비교조사. 한국갤럽조사연구조사
한연희 (2013, 12, 17). ‘시험지 유출’ 로스쿨생 적발... 징계착수, YTN, http://www.ytn.co.kr/ _ln/0103_201312171017301228, (2014, 1, 13. 방문)
허철수 (2002). 중국 연변 조선족 청소년의 심리․사회적 특징과 상담의 과제. 한국청소년연구, 13(2), 153-189.
Pham, 이진희, 신인숙 (2007). 베트남과 한국 부모의 양육태도에 대한 비교문화연구. 아동교육, 16(2), 235-252.
Anderman, E. M., Griesinger, T., & Westerfield, G. (1998). Motivation and cheating during early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(1), 84.
Asakawa, K., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1998). The quality of experience of Asian American adolescents in activities related to future goals. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27(2), 141- 163.
Barnes, G. M., & Farrell, M. P. (1992). Parental support and control as predictors of adolescent drinking, delinquency, and related problem behaviors, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 763-776.
Bernstein, G., & Triger, Z. H. (2011). Over- Parenting. UC Davis Law Review, 44 (4), 1221-1280.
Bowman, M. A., Prelow, H. M., & Weaver, S. R. (2007). Parenting behaviors, association with deviant peers, and delinquency in African American adolescents : A Mediated-moderation model. Journal of Youth and Adolescent, 36, 517-527.
Boyes, M. C., & Allen, S. G. (1993). Styles of parent-child interaction and moral reasoning in adolescence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39(4), 551-570.
Brody, G. H., & Shaffer, D. R. (1982). Contributions of parents and peers to children's moral socialization. Developmental Review, 2(1), 31-75.
Carlo, G., Eisenberg, N., & Knight, G. P. (1992). An objective measure of adolescents' prosocial moral reasoning. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2(4), 331-349.
Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child development, 65(4), 1111- 1119.
Cimarolli, V. R., Reinhardt, J. P., & Horowitz, A. (2006). Perceived overprotection: Support gone bad?. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(1), S18-S23.
Conzales, N. A., Cauce, A. M., & Mason, C. A. (1996). Interobserver agreement in the assessment of parental behavior and parent-adolescent conflict: African American mothers, daughters and independent observers. Child Development, 67, 1483-1498.
Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional and personality development (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Sulik, M. J., & Liew, J. (2014). The development of prosocial moral reasoning and a prosocial orientation in young adulthood: Concurrent and longitudinal correlates. Developmental psychology, 50(1), 58.
Eskine, K. J. (2013). Wholesome foods and wholesome morals? Organic foods reduce prosocial behavior and harshen moral judgments. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(2), 251-254.
Farrington, D. P. (2003). Key results from the first forty years of the Cambridge study of delinquent development. In T. P. Thomberry, & M. D. K. Krohn (Eds.), Taking stock of delinquency: An overview of findings from contemporary longitudinal studies (pp.137-183). New York: Kluwer.
Garmezy, N., Clarke, A. R., & Stockner, C. (1961). Child rearing attitudes of mothers and fathers as reported by schizophrenic and normal patients. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(1), 176.
Gehring, D. D., Nuss, E. M., & Pavela, G. (1986). Issues and perspectives on academic integrity. National Association of Student Personnel Administrators.
Gfellner, B. M. (1986). Ego development and moral development in relation to age and grade level during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 15(2), 147-163.
Gibbs, N. (2009, November, 30). Helicopter parents: The backlash against overparenting. Time, 174(21). Retrieved January 13, 2014, from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/ article/0,9171,1940697,00.html
Gino, F., Schweitzer, M. E., Mead, N. L., & Ariely, D. (2011). Unable to resist temptation: How self-control depletion promotes unethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 191-203.
Gregory J. C. & Samantha S. B. (2006). Addressing test anxiety in a high-stakes envioronment. America: Corwin
Grimm, P. F., Kohlberg, L., & White, S. H. (1968). Some relationships between conscience and attentional processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 239-252.
Hardy, S. A. (2006). Identity, reasoning, and emotion: An empirical comparison of three sources of moral motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 30(3), 205-213.
Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., & DeRose, L. (2005). Links among gender, inhibition, and parental socialization in the development of prosocial behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 467-493.
Henry, B., Caspi, A., Moffit, T. E., & Silvia, P. A. (1996). Temperamental and familial predictors of violent and nonviolent criminal convictions: Age 3 to age 18. Developmental Psychology, 32, 614-623.
Hoffman, M. L., & Saltzstein, H. D. (1967). Parent discipline and the child's moral development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(1), 45.
Indiana University. (2007). Experience that matter: Enhancing student learning and success. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://nsse.iub.edu/ NSSE_2007_Annual_Report/docs/withhold/NSSE_2007_Annual_Report.pdf.
Kamii, C., & DeVries, R. (1978). Piaget for early education. In M. C. Day & R. Parker (Eds.), The preschool in action (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon
Kim, U., & Choi, S. H. (1994). Individualism, collectivism, and child development: A Korean perspective. In P. Greenfield & R. R. Cocking. (Eds.). Cross-cultural roots of minority child development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kim, U., & Park, Y. S. (2000). Confucianism and family values: Their impact of educational achievement in Korea. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, 3(2), 229-249.
Kim, Y. H., & Cohen, D. (2010). Information, perspective, and judgments about the self in face and dignity cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(4), 537-550.
Lamborn, S. D., Fischer, K. W., & Pipp, S. (1994). Constructive criticism and social lies: A developmental sequence for understanding honesty and kindness in social interactions. Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 495.
LaFolette, H., & Graham, G. (1986). Honesty and intimacy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 3(1), 3-18.
Lind, G. (1989). Measuring moral judgment: A review of ‘The Measurement of Moral Judgment’ by Anne Colby, Lawrence Kohlberg et al. Human Development, 32, 388-397.
Lowinger, R. J., & Kwok, H. (2001). Parental overprotection in Asian American children: A psychodynamic clinical perspective. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(3), 319.
Mak, A. S. (1994). Parental neglect and overprotection as risk factors in delinquency. Australian Journal of Psychology, 46(2), 107-111.
Malinowski, C. I., & Smith, C. P. (1985). Moral reasoning and moral conduct: An investigation prompted by Kohlberg's theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1016-1027.
Mazar, N., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. (2008). The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. Journal of marketing research, 45(6), 633-644.
Meier, B. P., Moeller, S. K., Riemer-Peltz, M., & Robinson, M. D. (2012). Sweet taste preferences and experiences predict prosocial inferences, personalities, and behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 163-174.
Miceli, M. P., Dozier, J. B., & Near, J. P. (1991). Blowing the Whistle on Data Fudging: A Controlled Field Experiment 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21(4), 271-295.
Nock, S. L., & Kingston, P. W. (1988). Time with children: The impact of couples' work-time commitments. Social Forces, 67, 59-85.
Nowell, C., & Laufer, D. (1997). Undergraduate student cheating in the fields of business and economics. The Journal of Economic Education, 28(1), 3-12.
Palmer, E. J., & Hollin, C. R. (1997). The influence of perceptions of own parenting on sociomoral reasoning, attributions for criminal behaviour, and self-reported delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(2), 193-197.
Parker, G. (1979). Parental characteristics in relation to depressive disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 134(2), 138-147.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Psychiatry. 52. 1-11.
Perris, C., Jacobsson, L., Linndström, H., Knorring, L. V., & Perris, H. (1980). Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 61(4), 265-274.
Rest, L. (1986). Moral development. NewYork: Preager.
Rest, J., Thoma, S., & Edwards, L. (1997). Designing and validating a measure of moral judgment: Stage preference and stage consistency approaches. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(1), 5.
Reti, I. M., Samuels, J. F., Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu Iii, O. J., Costa Jr, P. T., & Nestadt, G. (2002). Adult antisocial personality traits are associated with experiences of low parental care and maternal overprotection. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106(2), 126-133.
Rubin, K. H., Hastings, P. D., Stewart, S. L., Henderson, H. A., & Chen, X. (1997). The consistency and concomitants of inhibition: Some of the children, all of the time. Child development, 68(3), 467-483.
Sherman, S. J. (1980). On the self-erasing nature of errors of prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 211-221.
Sober. E.. & Wilson, D. S. (1998), Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
Somers, P., & Settle, J. (2010). The Helicopter Parent: Research toward a Typology (Part I). College and University, 86(1), 18.
Spada, M. M., Caselli, G., Manfredi, C., Rebecchi, D., Rovetto, F., Ruggiero, G. M., Nikecevic, A. V., & Sassaroli, S. (2012). Parental overprotection and metacognitions as predictors of worry and anxiety. Behavioral and cognitive psychotherapy, 40(3), 287.
Steinberg, L., Mounts, N., Lamborn, S., & Dornbusch, S. (1991). Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across various ecological niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 19-36.
Swap, S. M. (1993). Developing home-school partnerships: From concepts to practice. New York: Teachers College Press.
Tavecchio, L. W., Stams, G. J. J. M., Brugman, D., & Thomeer-Bouwens, M. A. E. (1999). Moral judgement and delinquency in homeless youth. Journal of moral education, 28(1), 63-79.
Thomasgard, M., & Metz, W. P. (1993). Parental overprotection revisited. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 24(2), 67-80.
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Bartels, J. M. (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(1), 56.
Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L., & Goode, M. R. (2006). The psychological consequences of money. science, 314(5802), 1154-1156.
Wade, J. C. (1997). Perfectionism in adult children of alcoholics, adult children from dysfunctional but non-alcoholic families, and adults from non-dysfunctional families. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 7B.
West, T., Ravenscroft, S., & Shrader, C. (2004). Cheating and moral judgment in the college classroom: A natural experiment. Journal of Business Ethics, 54(2), 173-183.
Yeh, C. J., & Huang, K. (1996). The collectivistic nature of ethnic identity development among Asian-American college students. Adolescence, 31(123), 645-661
Youniss, J. (1982). Parents and peers in social development: A Sullivan-Piaget perspective. University of Chicago Press.