바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

ACOMS+ 및 학술지 리포지터리 설명회

  • 한국과학기술정보연구원(KISTI) 서울분원 대회의실(별관 3층)
  • 2024년 07월 03일(수) 13:30
 

logo

  • P-ISSN1229-0661
  • E-ISSN1229-0661
  • KCI

재난 간접 경험 후 노인들의 정서 변화 양상: 사회적 지지, 우울, 미래시간조망 및 활동적 노년의 효과

The Effect of Social Support, Depression, Future Time Perspective, Active Aging on Emotional Change after Indirect Disaster Experience among the Elderly

한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제 / Korean Psychological Journal of Culture and Social Issues, (P)1229-0661; (E)1229-0661
2015, v.21 no.4, pp.671-696
조명현 (서강대학교)
장재윤 (서강대학교)
유경 (한림대학교)
이주일 (한림대학교)

초록

본 연구에서는 세월호 침몰사고 직후와 이후 두 달 뒤 수집한 노년기 정서 경험 자료를 바탕으로, 노인들이 재난 간접 경험 이후 경험하는 정서의 변화에 영향을 주는 개인차 변인들의 효과에 대해 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 정서 경험에 대한 보호요인 및 위험요인으로 작용하는 사회적 지지와 우울 수준의 영향과 더불어, 미래시간조망과 활동적 노년이 건강한 삶을 예측한다는 기존 연구를 바탕으로, 두 변인이 정서 변화 양상에 미치는 영향도 함께 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 세월호 사건 직후와 이후를 비교했을 때 사고 직후 예상대로 전반적으로 긍정적 정서가 감소하였고 부정적 정서는 상승하였다. 또한 사회적 지지, 미래시간조망, 및 활동적 노년 점수가 높은 사람들과 우울 점수가 낮은 사람들은 두 시점간의 정서 변동의 폭이 크지 않았지만, 반대의 사람들은 사건 직후 상대적으로 낮은 수준의 긍정적 정서와 높은 수준의 부정적 정서를 경험하였다. 본 연구를 통해 사회적 지지, 미래시간조망, 활동적 노년 개념이 노년기 정서에 보호요인으로, 우울은 위험요인으로 작용한다는 점을 확인할 수 있었으며, 구체적으로 어떠한 정서에 영향을 주는지도 함께 확인할 수 있었다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 의의와 한계에 대한 논의를 통해 후속 연구에 대한 방향을 제안하였다.

keywords
emotion of elderly, indirect disaster experience, social support, depression, future time perspective, active aging, 노년기 정서, 재난 간접 경험, 사회적 지지, 노인 우울, 미래시간조망, 활동적 노년

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of individual difference variables on emotional change after indirect trauma among elderly. After Sewolho Accident in South Korea, we invested emotion of the elderly and collected the same variables from the same sample two months after the accident. In study, we examined how social support, depression, future time perspective, and active aging affect emotion of elderly and which emotions are affected by these four variables. As a result, when compared to the counterpart, those with lower perceived social support, future time perspective, and active aging and higher depression level experienced lower levels of positive emotion and higher level of negative emotion after indirect disaster experience. Overall, we could certify that social support, future time perspective, and active aging functioned as protective factors, whereas depression functioned as a risk factor. Implications and limitations for our findings were discussed.

keywords
emotion of elderly, indirect disaster experience, social support, depression, future time perspective, active aging, 노년기 정서, 재난 간접 경험, 사회적 지지, 노인 우울, 미래시간조망, 활동적 노년

참고문헌

1.

김미혜, 이금룡, 정순둘 (2000). 노년기 우울증 원인에 대한 경로분석. 한국노년학, 20(3), 211-226.

2.

김민희 (2003). 노년기 정서경험과 정서조절의 특징. 서울대학교 석사학위논문.

3.

김승연, 고선규, 권정혜 (2007). 노인 집단에서 배우자의 사별 스트레스와 우울의 관계: 사회적 지지와 대처행동의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 26(3), 573-596.

4.

김지은 (2013). 간접외상 기억 심상과 반추 수준에 따른 외상 후 분노수준 차이. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

5.

김창진, 황진수 (2008). 노인성 질환과 우울증이 노인자살 생각에 미치는 영향의 연구. 한국노년학, 28(3), 425-442.

6.

김현숙, 유수정, 한규량 (2002). 지역사회 여성노인의 인지기능, 신체적 건강, 자아존중감 및 사회적 지지와 우울간의 관계. 노인간호학회지, 4(2), 163-175.

7.

김혜령 (2003). 일 도시지역 노인의 건강상태에 관한 연구. 대한간호학회지, 33(5), 544- 552.

8.

남일성, 윤현숙 (2014). 노인 우울증 변화 궤적과 관련 위험 요인. 대한임상건강증진학회지, 14(3), 112-120.

9.

노병일, 모선희 (2007). 사회적 지지의 수준과 차원이 노인 우울에 미치는 영향. 한국노년학회지, 27(1), 53-69.

10.

배지연, 김원형, 윤경아 (2005). 노인의 우울 및 자살생각에 있어서 사회적지지의 완충효과. 한국노년학회지, 25(3), 59-73.

11.

유 경, 장재윤, 한태영, 이주일 (2014). 활동적 노년 척도의 타당화 연구. 한국노년학회지, 34(3), 613-630.

12.

유양경 (2004). 재가 노인의 사회적 지지와 사기. 대한간호학회지, 34(2), 297-306.

13.

이주일 (2013). 안전애착, 5요인성격, 미래시간 관점이 생산적 노년에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 26(2), 341-370.

14.

조맹제, 배재남, 서국희, 함봉진, 김장규, 이동우, 강민희 (1999). DSM-III-R 주요우울증에 대한 한국어판 Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)의 진단적 타당성 연구. 신경정신의학, 38(3), 48-63.

15.

최혜숙 (2006). 여성노인의 건강증진 행위 모형 구축. 한양대학교 대학원 박사학위 논문.

16.

한준수, 이현수, 이성근, 정인과 (1997). 신체질환이 있는 노인 환자의 우울증상. 노인정신의학, 1, 100-111.

17.

허진수, 유수현 (2002). 노인의 우울에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구. 정신보건과 사회사업, 13, 7-35.

18.

황미구, 김은주 (2008a). 노인의 우울과 인지능력이 건강 관련 삶의 질에 미치는 영향: 자살생각을 매개변인으로 하여. 노인복지연구, 41, 385-404.

19.

Acierno, R., Ruggiero, K. J., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H.S., & Galea, S. (2006). Risk and protective factors for psychopathology among older versus younger adults after the 2004 Florida hurricanes. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(12), 1051-1059.

20.

Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C. P., & Egloff, B. (2010). “Automatic or the people?”: Anger on September 11, 2011, and lessons learned for the analysis of large digital data sets. Psychological Science, 22, 837-838.

21.

Barnes-Farrell, J. L., & Matthew, R. A. (2007). Age and work attitudes, In K. S. Schultz & G. A. Adams(eds), Aging and work in the 21st century(pp.139-162). New Jersey, U.S.A: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

22.

Baschnagel, J. S., Gudmundsdottir, B., Hawk Jr, L. W., Beck, J. G. (2009). Post-trauma symptoms following indirect exposure to the September 11th terrorist attack: The predictive role of dispositional coping. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 915-922.

23.

Bei B, Bryant C, Gilson K, Koh J, Gibson P, Komiti A, Jackson H, & Judd F (2013). A prospective study of the impact of floods on the mental and physical health of older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 17(8), 992- 1002.

24.

Bilde, J. D., Vansteenkiste, M., & Lens, W. (2012). Understanding the association between future time perspective and self-regulated learning through the lens of self-determination theory. Learning and Instruction, 21, 332-334.

25.

Birditt, K. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2003). Age and gender differences in adults’ descriptions of emotional reactions to interpersonal problems. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(4), 237-245.

26.

Birditt, K. S., Fingerman, K. L., & Almeida, D. M. (2005). Age differences in exposure and reactions to interpersonal tensions: A daily diary study. Psychology and Aging, 20(2), 330-340.

27.

Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being fl exible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15(7), 482-487.

28.

Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 511-535.

29.

Brandtstädter, J., & Rothermund, K. (1994). Self-concepts of control in middle and later adulthood: Buffering losses by rescaling goals. Psychology and Aging, 9, 265-273.

30.

Carstensen, L. L., Issacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165-181.

31.

Carver, C. S., & Baird, E. (1998). The American dream revisited: Is it what you want or why you want it that matters? Psychological Science, 9, 289-292.

32.

Cate, R. A., & John, O. P. (2007). Testing models of the structure and development of future time perspective: Maintaining a focus on opportunities in middle age. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 186-201.

33.

Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2010). Social and emotional Aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 383-409.

34.

Cho, J., Boyle, M. P., Keum, H., Shevy, M. D., McLeod, D. M., Shah, D. V., Pan, Z. (2003). Media, terrorism and emotionality: Emotional differences in media content and public reactions to the September 11th terrorist attacks. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47(3), 309-327.

35.

Cohen, S., & Syme, S. L. (1985). Issues in the study and application of social support. Social support and health. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

36.

Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.

37.

Cummings, S. M., Neff, J. A., & Husaini, B. A. (2003). Functional impairment as a predictor of depressive symptomatology; support. Health and Society Work, 28(1), The role of race, religiosity, and social 23-33.

38.

Cutler, S. J., & Hendricks, J. (2001). Emerging social trends. In R. H. Binstock & L. K. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (5th ed., pp. 462-480). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

39.

Elder, H. W., & Rudolph, P. M. (1999). Does retirement planning affect the level of retirement satisfaction? Financial Services Review, 8(2), 117-127.

40.

Fernandez, L. S., Byard, D., Lin, C. -C., Benson, S., & Barbera, J. A. (2002). Frail elderly as disaster victims: Emergency management strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 17(2), 67-74.

41.

Fonda, S., E. Clipp, & Maddox, G. (2002). Patterns in functioning among residents of an affordable assisted living housing facility. Gerontologist, 42, 178-187.

42.

Goenjian, A. K., Najarian, L. M., Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Manoukian, G., Tavosian, A., & Fairbanks, L. A. (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder in elderly and younger adults after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(6), 895-901.

43.

Gupta, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011). Complicated grief and deficits in emotional expressive flexibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 635-643.

44.

Heikkinen, R. L., & Kauppinen, M. (2004). Depressive symptoms in late life; a 10-years follow-up. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatics, 38, 239-250.

45.

Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Weissman, M. M. (2002). Chapter 70: Risk Factors For Major Depression And Bipolar Disorder, In K. L. Davis, D. Charney, J. T. Coyle, C. Nemeroff (Eds.) Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress (pp.1017-1025), Philadelphia, PA: American College of Neuropsychopharmacology.

46.

Holmes, E. A., Creswell, C., O'Connor, T. G. (2007). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in London school children following September 11, 2001: An Exploratory investigation of peri-traumatic reactions and intrusive imagery. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 474-490.

47.

Horowitz, M. (1993). Stress-reponse syndromes: A review of post-traumatic stress and adjustment disorders. In Wilson, J. P., & Raphael, Y. B.(Eds.): International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes(189-200), New York: Plenum Press.

48.

House, J. S., Landis, K. K., & Umberson, D. (1998). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540-545.

49.

Jenkins, K. R., A. M. Pienta, & A. L. Horgas. (2002). Activity and health-related quality of life in continuing care retirement communities. Research On Aging 24(1), 124-149.

50.

Kato, H., Asukai, N., Miyake, Y., Minakawa, K., & Nishiyama, A. (1996). Post-traumatic symptoms among younger and elderly evacuees in the early stages following the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93(6), 477-481.

51.

Keltner, D., & Bonanno, G. A. (1997). A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 687-702.

52.

Kimball, K., Levy, H., Ohtake, F., & Tsutsui, Y. (2006). Unhappiness after hurricane Katrina. NBER Working Papers 12062, National Bureau of Economic Research, In.

53.

Knight, B. G., Gatz, M., Heller, K., & Bengtson, V. L. (2000). Age and emotional response to the Northridge earthquake: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15(4), 627-634.

54.

Kohn, R., Levav, I., Garcia, I. D., Machuca, M. E., & Tamashiro, R. (2005). Prevalence, risk factors and aging vulnerability for psychopathology following a natural disaster in a developing country. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(9), 835-841.

55.

Kunzmann U., Little, T. D., & Smith, J. (2002). Perceiving control: A double-edged sword in old age. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57, 484-491.

56.

Lang, F. R., Carstensen, L. L. (2002). Time Counts: Future Time Perspective, Goals, and Social Relationships. Psychology and Aging, 17(1), 125-139.

57.

Lewin, K. (1942). Time perspective and morale. In G. Watson(ED.), Civilian Morale Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 99, 48-70.

58.

Metcalfe, R., Powdthavee, N., & Dolan, P. (2011). Destruction and distress: Using a quasi- experiment to show the effects of the September 11 attacks on mental well-being in the United Kingdom.. working Papers Economic Journal, 121, 81-103.

59.

Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (1993). Development through Life: A Psychological Approach. 5th ed. Chicago: The Dorsey Press.

60.

Nikkei Newspaper. (2011, June 12). How to deal with earthquake phobia? Nikkei Newspaper.

61.

Norris, F. H., & Murrell, S. A. (1988). Prior experience as a moderator of disaster impact on anxiety symptoms in older adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16(5), 665-683.

62.

Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., and Watson, P. J. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry, 65(3), 240-260.

63.

Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., and Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry, 65(3), 207-239.

64.

Papa, A., & Bonanno, G. A. (2008). Smiling in the face of adversity: The interpersonal and intrapersonal functions of smiling. Emotion, 8(1), 1-12.

65.

Pender, N. J. (1996). Health promotion in nursing practice, 2nd Edition, Connecticut: Appleton and Lange Stamford.

66.

Penninx, B. W., Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., Deeg, D. J., & Wallace, R. B. (1998). Depressive symptoms and physical decline in community-dwelling older persons. Journal of American Medical Association, 279(21), 1720-1726.

67.

Rowe, J., & Kahn, R. (1987). Human aging: usual and successful. Science, 237(4811), 143-149.

68.

Russel, J. A. (1980). A Circumplex Model of Affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161-1178.

69.

Seplaki, C. L., Goldman N., Weinstein M., & Lin Y. (2006). Before and after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake: Traumatic events and depressive symptoms in an older population. Social Science & Medicine, 62(12), 3121-3132.

70.

Suvak, M. L., Maguen S., Litz B. T., Silver R. C., Holman E. A. (2008). Indirect exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks: does symptom structure resemble PTSD? Journal of Traumatic Stress 21(1), 30-39.

71.

Thompson, E. H. Jr., Futterman A. M., Gallagher- Thompson D., Rose J. M., & Lovett S. B. (1993). Social support and caregiving burden in family caregivers of frail elders. Journal of Gerontology, 48(5), 245-254.

72.

Thompson, M. P., Norris, F. H., & Hanacek, B. (1993). Age differences in the psychological consequences of Hurricane Hugo. Psychology and Aging, 8(4), 606-616.

73.

Uchida, Y., Takenishi, A., Kanagawa, C., Harada, A., Okawa, K., & Yabuno, H. (2012). The role of the media and journalists in the Great East Japan Earthquake: Coverage analysis and survey for journalist. Unpublished manuscript, Kyoto University.

74.

Wallace, M. (1956). Future time perspective in schizophrenia, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 240-245.

75.

Warr, P. B. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Oxford: Claredon Press.

76.

Westerhof, G. J., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2010). Mental illness and mental health: The two continua model across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 17, 110-119.

77.

Westphal, M., Seivert, N. H., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Expressive flexibility. Emotion, 10(1), 92-100.

78.

WHO (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework, Geneva: WHO.

79.

Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting Time in perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271- 1288.

80.

Zimbardo, P. G. (2008). “The Time Paradox: The New Psychology of Time That Will Change Your Life”, Free Press.

한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제