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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.16 No.1
Abstract
When the objects are presented successively in different locations, they evoke the perception of a single object moving between them, which is known as apparent motion(AM). Although the displacement of the object is discontinuous in AM, it is perceived as if the object moved along the smooth continuous path, suggesting that filling-in process might occur in the path of AM. To investigate the spatiotemporal properties of filling-in process in the path of AM, the correct discrimination rate was measured for the target stimulus presented either on- or off-the path of AM. In Experiment 1, SOA between target and the second motion frame was varied to examine the temporal characteristics of filling-in process. In Experiment 2, the spacial separation of the target was varied from the center of the path in order to examine the spacial characteristics of filling-in process. We found that the discrimination rate for the target on the center of the path was decreased when the target was presented at a temporal range of 40ms before or after the presence of the second stimulus in AM and that the decrease in discrimination rate was confined to a spatial region narrower than an imaginary path inferred from the contours of AM stimulus. The results suggest that filling-in process of apparent motion is formed very quickly within a restricted region along its central path.
Abstract
The effects of lexical and acoustic information on phoneme restoration were examined over three experiments. Experiment 1 compared the lexical effects in between the word and the fragment condition in a new task. Experiment 2 examined the roles of acoustic segments preceding and following the target phoneme. Experiment 3 explored the phoneme restorations in a divided attention condition. Both the word and the fragment condition produced phoneme restorations and the vowel segment was very important in restorations. The word condition yielded increased sensitivity in the divided attention condition. Three experiments converge to the conclusion that lexical information does not significantly contribute to phoneme restoration. Our results were discussed in view of current models of language processing.
Abstract
This study was planned to examine whether compound nouns were interpreted by decomposing them into their constituents or accessing to their lexical representation in mental lexicon. In Experiment 1, whether the morphological decomposition was necessary in the interpretation of a compound noun was investigated by presenting modifier-related, head-related, or compound-related associates as primes to T-T, T-O, O-T, or O-O compound nouns. Positive priming effects by compound-related associates were found in all semantic transparency conditions, but inconsistent results were found in the conditions modifier-related associates or head-related associates were presented as primes. It implied that a compound noun was interpreted by accessing to its lexical representation directly in mental lexicon rather than decomposing it into its constituents. In Experiment 2, Inducing compound nouns to be decomposed by inserting an empty space between modifier and head, it was investigated whether patterns of priming effect observed in experiment 1 and experiment 2 were alike or not. If compound nouns had been interpreted by decomposing them into their constituents in experiment 1, patterns of priming effects observed in experiment 1 and 2 would have been similar. Similar patterns of priming effect were found only in the T-T condition, and the direction and amount of priming effects depended on semantic compatibility between compound nouns and their constituents in the other conditions. Therefore, it seems valid conclusion that commonly-used compound nouns have their independent lexical representations in mental lexicon irrespective of their semantic transparency levels, and they are interpreted by accessing directly to their lexical representations in mental lexicon.
Abstract
We applied fMRI to examine the bilingual brain activation at semantic aspects of sentence processing, in order to compare our previous study on syntactic processing(Lee et al. 2002). In semantic decision task, the visually presented sentences were judged based on the semantic appropriateness. The cortical activations were compared with the control task, which was ordering judgment task with the sentences of the same length. The SPM99 was employed to analyze the results obtained. The activated areas were calculated by the substraction method. While processing the Korean sentences, the left inferior frontal gyrus, the bilateral lingual gyrus, the left cuneus, and the left superior and middle temporal gyrus were activated. While doing the tasks in English, the areas were the left inferior frontal gyrus, the left medial frontal gyrus, the left lingual gyrus and the left cuneus. There were some overlapping regions in frontal and occipital regions. However, it was noted that the superior and middle temporal gyrus were activated in Korean(L1). The frontal region was more activated in English(L2). We(Lee et al, 2002) have found the same result in the syntactic judgment task. Both of the previous and present results suggest that the L1 processing was more involved in the temporal region and L2 in frontal region. Further studies on bilingualism would be focused on these two regions to examine whether the acquisition age difference really exists or not.
Abstract
The irrelevant speech effect refers to the finding of impaired serial recall performance in the presence of irrelevant speech sounds. In the irrelevant speech effect procedure, participants must recall immediately short sequences of visually presented digits while trying to ignore irrelevant background noise. The purpose of this study was to assess whether individual difference in working memory capacity influences the magnitude of the irrelevant speech effect. Based on the Operation-word span task by Turner & Enlge(1989), students were divided into high and low working memory capacity groups and participated in experiments of the irrelevant speech effect. Experiment 1 revealed not only a clear irrelevant speech effect in both groups but also a significant interaction between irrelevant speech effect and working memory capacity: low working memory span group showed significantly stronger effect of irrelevant speech than high working memory span group. In Experiment 2, the number of digits to recall was adjusted to participants' individual memory span in oder to control of the group effect. In contrary to Experiment 1, it was found that the irrelevant speech effect did not interact with working memory capacity. An alternative explanation of our results was discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of existence of episodic buffer proposed as a new component of working memory. To do so, we examined the effects of loads on visual working memory and central executive on search efficiency and reaction times in visual search tasks. Experiment 1 investigated the role of visual working memory and central executive on visual search. The results showed that separate loads on visual working memory and central executive did not impair search. The simultaneous loads on visual working memory and central executive increased reaction times, but it did not impair search efficiency. Experiment 2 and 3 examined whether the comparison between the searched objects and target representation was involved in visual working memory. In result, it was not found that searched-visual information interfered with stored-visual information. These results suggest that another component of working memory should be assumed to be able to store visual information. Therefore, the findings support the possibility of existence of episodic buffer.
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of cognitive load at encoding on accurate and false memories. In two experiments using the DRM(Deese-Roediger-McDermott) procedure, participants were assigned to either a cognitive load condition in which they performed an additional task while studying the presented word or a condition which they just learned the presented word. Free recall tests and a recognition test were administered in both experiment. In the second experiment participants were retested on the recognition test after a week. The results indicated that cognitive load at encoding had different effects on accurate and false memories. Cognitive load at encoding resulted in the reduction of accurate recall and accurate recognition whereas it increased false recall and false recognition. Accurate recognition of presented words decreased but false recognition of critical lures increased over a one-week delay. There was a significant interaction of time delay and cognitive load. These results support the dual-process approach including the fuzzy trace hypothesis and the activation/monitoring hypothesis, suggesting the underlying processes of accurate and false memories are different.