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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.16 No.2
Abstract
The effect of emotion on true and false memories using DRM paradigm was investigated in two experiments with old-new recognition test(experiment 1) and with source identification task(experiment 2). In 8 lists which were presented in the study phase, half of the list items consisted of words associated with emotionally charged critical lures and the rest of them were with non-emotional critical lures. In experiment 1, participants were asked to recognize if each of the presenting 160 stimuli contained 8 critical lure items(not presented in the study phase) and list items was old or new during recognition test. In experiment 2, participants were asked to identify and determine correctly each source of the presenting 160 stimuli included 8 critical lure items and 80 list items in the source identification test. In recognition test, Emotional valence had positive effects on true recognition. There was no-emotion related difference between emotional lure items and non-emotional lure items in false recognition. On the contrary, in source identification test, source memory about emotional list items was observed at higher level than neutral list items. However, the performance of source identification about emotional lure items were poorer than neutral lure items, which implies that false memory on emotional lures occurred more than on neutral lures during source identification. The results in two experiments suggested that emotional valence facilitated the extent of the activation and had positive effects on true memories. On the contrary, emotion affects to false memories with the various way across retrieval context. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to explore the effects of gender category, antecedent's location, and attribute congruency on pronoun referential resolution. In Experiment 1, participants read (self-paced) a series of sentence pairs where the antecedents of pronouns were of role name nouns, and did a primed recognition test. The results showed some effects of gender category and location in sentence of antecedents. The female role (whose gender markings are distinct) noun antecedents were recognized faster than the male ones (whose gender markings are less distinct), and the first mention antecedents faster than the second mention ones. The interaction effect between antecedent's gender category and location in sentence showed; When the antecedent was a male role noun, the first mention antecedent was recognized faster than the second mention ones, whereas when the antecedent was female role noun, the order of mentioning did not make a difference. Experiment 2 differed from Experiment 1, only in that proper nouns whose gender markings are balanced were employed instead of role nouns. The results showed only the main effects of antecedent's location in a sentence. The first mention antecedent was recognized faster than the second one. The interaction between antecedent's gender category and location in a sentence was not statistically significant. These results were discussed from a point of view of focus model in discourse comprehension.
Abstract
Two experiments examined the effect of stimulus set, feature or dimension (Garner, 1978), on modes of attention shift to global and local level of a compound stimulus. In Experiment 1, an analysis of inter-trial transitions of attended levels showed a level shift effect in the feature set compared to no such effect in the dimension set. In Experiment 2, attention shift between levels of the compound stimulus was forced by presenting identities of the two levels in sequence. Attention shift to the local was easier in the feature set than that to the global. In the dimension set, however, shift to the global was easier than shift to the local, and giving attention to either level appeared to be fast and stable. These results imply global precedence (Navon, 1977) is not a general rule and stimulus structure should be considered as an important factor in the study of precedence. The level‐readiness effect (Ward, 1982) and the stages of spatial attention shift (Posner, 1988) were considered in the general discussion.
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to investigate whether meanings of Korean ambiguous verbs are represented distinctly or as single core meanings in the mental lexicon. Homonymous verbs that have unrelated meanings and polysemous verbs that have related senses were used as experimental stimuli. In Experiment 1, after all the ambiguous verbs were processed in specific phrase contexts, recognition performance of the verbs were measured in the same phrase context, the same meaning(sense) context, and the different meaning(sense) context. In Experiment 2, sensicality judgment data of the phrases that contained the ambiguous verbs were obtained just after the verbs were processed as specific meanings(senses). The results of Experiment 1 suggested that meanings(senses) of both ambiguous verbs might be represented as distinct lexical entries, whereas Experiment 2 resulted in the data suggesting the single core representation in the case of the polysemous verbs. Considering the experimental material and several methodological problems drove us to a tentative conclusion that meanings of the homonymous verbs are represented as distinct lexical entries while those of the polysemous verbs are represented as common core meanings. Some conceptual and methodological problems were discussed in terms of the previous research on the representation of ambiguous nouns, and the directions of future research were suggested.
Abstract
Uniform connectedness (UC; Palmer & Rock, 1994) means that a region with a uniform stimulus quality like color, texture, etc. is processed as a single unit. This study was intended to investigate the effect of uniform connectedness on the accurate identification of objects by manipulating the color uniformity of common objects such as wrenches or rings. In experiment 1, those colors of either upper or lower part were either the same or different, or a short bar connecting the two wrench's heads had a different color. Participants were asked to report the identity of target indicated by post-cue, briefly exposed on the threshold of identification. In the result, experiment 1 could not find the effect of UC, rather the negative repetition effect(i.e., NRE). Experiment 2 asked them to report the whole configuration of the wrench, and found neither UC effect nor NRE, both in UC condition and elements connectedness (i.e., EC) condition. Experiment 3 contrasted UC and EC condition in colors of left half and right half of the same ring, the task was to detect and report the identity of a ring according to the arrangements of small slits. In the result, UC effect was not observed and rather NRE was observed. Since NREs obseved in the UC conditions of experiments 1 & 3 were hard to explain using UC hypothesis, generally, the results of this study were interpreted to reject the hypothesis of UC.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to materialize a realtime data acquisition system for the fear conditioning paradigm on Microsoft Windows environment. A high speed digital input output card (National Instruments Inc., PCI-6534) and a multi-function input output card (National Instruments Inc., PCI-6040E) were used. To synchronize the cards, a LabVIEW-based program was developed. Theoretical and practical techniques used for the construction of realtime data acquisition system were described. The system revealed to be stable and reliable for the realtime data acquisition.
Abstract
Association frequency and imagery value of 665 Korean noun words were investigated with 100 university students per word. Association frequencies were obtained by multiple-response free association and continued association, and imagery values were obtained by rating on 7-point scale. Tables of word frequency and imagery value were made.