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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.16 No.3
Abstract
Two experiments using the syllable-monitoring task in which subjects detect a given syllable in a series of auditory presented word stimuli were conducted to investigate the language-specific characteristics of speech segmentation in Korean. According to the recent studies of cross-language speech perception, each language has its own segmentation unit and the unit tends to be used in the speech perception of other languages. The purpose of this study was to test the validity of such suggestions in speech segmentation by native Korean listeners. Experiment 1 was performed to confirm the segmentation unit of Korean speech by native Korean listeners. Contrary to the results of previous studies, a significant syllable effect was found in CV words, but not in CVC words. Experiment 2 examined the segmentation of spoken Japanese words by native Korean listeners to find whether they use syllable as a segmentation unit during listening to Japanese speech. The results of Experiment 2 showed the syllable effect that was not revealed in speech segmentation by native Japanese listeners. These results suggest that native Korean listeners segment Japanese speech as well as Korean speech using a syllable as unit. We discussed our results in terms of language-specific speech segmentation.
Abstract
Two experiments explored whether encoding a causal relation underlying a scientific concept was affected by types of causality questions and also by presentation formats of analogy. Experiment 1 showed that none of these variables produced any significant analogical learning effects as measured by the number of solutions in inference problems. By asking counterfactual questions regarding both the source and the target, Experiment 2, however, demonstrated that compared to the causal questions, counterfactual questions were effective in improving analogical learning of scientific concepts. Present results were discussed in regard to causality encoding.
Abstract
Two experiments explored whether encoding a causal relation underlying a scientific concept was affected by types of causality questions and also by presentation formats of analogy. Experiment 1 showed that none of these variables produced any significant analogical learning effects as measured by the number of solutions in inference problems. By asking counterfactual questions regarding both the source and the target, Experiment 2, however, demonstrated that compared to the causal questions, counterfactual questions were effective in improving analogical learning of scientific concepts. Present results were discussed in regard to causality encoding.
Abstract
The present study re-examined whether framing effect appeared only when uncertainty was expressed verbally. We presented scenarios in which respondents had to make a health related choice. In addition to frame and expression mode, kinds of disease(nose, muscle), familiarity of disease name, and presence of detailed description of disease were also manipulated. Positive frame was manipulated in two different ways, either by mentioning non-occurrence of negative outcome (non-occurrence positive frame) or by mentioning occurrence of positive outcome (occurrence positive frame). The results showed that framing effect appeared only for less serious disease and when the uncertainty was expressed verbally. In addition, the framing effect appeared differently depending on the kinds of positive frame and the presence of detailed description; The framing effect with non-occurrence positive frame was obtained when detailed description was provided, whereas the framing effect with occurrence positive frame appeared when detailed description was not provided. The results showed that the framing effect was very selective in choices with personal importance such as health.
Abstract
As an introduction to the cognitive neurological bases of aging, an overview of cognitive psychological, neurological, and cognitive neuroscientific research on aging is presented. Recent aging studies on perception and attention, declarative and procedural memory, priming, and working memory are reviewed. Theoretical views of processing speed, processing resource, inhibition, and sensory function are discussed along with the constraints of generalized aging models based on single mechanism.
Abstract
As an introduction to the cognitive neurological bases of aging, an overview of cognitive psychological, neurological, and cognitive neuroscientific research on aging is presented. Recent aging studies on perception and attention, declarative and procedural memory, priming, and working memory are reviewed. Theoretical views of processing speed, processing resource, inhibition, and sensory function are discussed along with the constraints of generalized aging models based on single mechanism.
Abstract
One of the controversial issues on face recognition is whether faces are recognized as undifferentiated wholes or in terms of their constituent parts, namely, global vs local information processing for face recognition. However, it has been recently proposed that global coding and local processing constitute dual routes to face recognition. To investigate this dual routs processing hypothesis, we directly examined the selective activation of human brain areas with fMRI measurements to the synthetic face stimuli composed of radial frequency components, which had an advantage to easily separate the global contour and local basic feature information of face. In experiment 1, we found that FFA was activated to face contour and feature information. More importantly, it was observed that the strength of activation to contour information was higher than to feature information in FFA. In experiment 2, we also found that the global processing of face contour information was involved mainly in encoding processing, not in retrieval processing. Strong activations of the prefrontal region (BA10) and the cingulate gyrus (BA 32) were observed during encoding processing of face feature information. These results altogether add to our understanding of the characteristics of dual routes processing in face recognition. In addition, these results suggest that the contour information of face stimulus is processed through a bottom-up processing whereas the feature information is processed through a top-down processing.
Abstract
Even though the Korean words, Hangul, are characterized as phonemes like other alphabetic languages, their shape resembles more morphemes like Chinese characters. The main purpose of the study is to explore the neural mechanisms of reading Hangul and alphabetic (english) words by Korean native speaker using functional magnetic resonance imaging technique. In the results of our study, the activation pattern of reading english words looked similar to those with other previous studies. The activation pattern of reading Hangul is underlying similar mechanisms with those of english words at the general level. The significanlty different activation was indicated in the BA 8 of the frontal lobe. This area is known to be relevant with nonverbal higher order control or speicific visuospatial analysis and we suggest that the recognition of specific surface form of Hangul might be related with this activation.