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Vol.24 No.2
Abstract
This study investigated whether real world knowledge and case markers have any effect on on-line thematic relation processing in Korean. To examine the effects of pragmatic information among arguments and case markers on the anticipation of thematic relation, we ran two eye-movement experiments. In both experiments, four versions of a sentence which ended with the verb “badatta” (means ‘receive’) were constructed with two types of case markers and two types of objects. In Experiment 1, there were significant main effects of the bias of object and type of case marker in total and go-past reading times at the verb position: participants read the verb more quickly when the biased object or case marker “aegeseo” appeared in the clause. In Experiment 2, semantic bias among arguments was more strengthened by introducing the situational contexts. The reading time results of Experiment 2 were similar to those of Experiment 1. Furthermore, there was significant interaction on number of fixations. This study indicates that information about thematic relation is computed and can be used immediately in on-line sentence comprehension with the Korean language.
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that physical fitness plays a protective role against age-related cognitive decline (e.g., Colcombe & Kramer, 2003). Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we investigated age-related cognitive decline in working memory processing and whether physical fitness positively influences working memory capacity in older adults. Data from 13 younger and 25 older adults (tested for their physical fitness) were analyzed. The participants performed a modified Sternberg memory search task while ERPs were recorded. The memory set was presented in upper-case letters, with a memory set size varying from 2 to 6. A lower-case probe letter following the memory set required a positive (“old”) or negative (“new”) response. Behavioral data showed age-related but not fitness-related differences. The ERPs, elicited by the memory set, showed (a) an age effect in the posterior P1 component, and (b) age and fitness effects in the frontal negativity. These results suggest that age affects general working memory processes, but physical fitness may help specifically to reduce the decline of working memory capacity.
Abstract
In this study, the age-related changes in cognitive function were demonstrated over various domains. Multiple tests and experiments were executed with the young, middle-aged, and older adults to compare performances of vocabulary, memory, perception, attention, and language processing. Subtests of K-WAIS and of K-MAS measured vocabulary, working memory, verbal memory, perception and spatial ability. Experimental tasks (Stroop, lexical decision, and semantic categorization) were designed for estimating selective attention and language processing. In all measurements, the overall age-related decline was observed, but the declining patterns varied across the functions. The ability in perception rapidly decreased with age whereas the ability in vocabulary was relatively preserved. Working memory and verbal memory also declined continuously by aging, but not as much as perception. The age-related increase of the reaction time indicated that age-related slowing was common to all the 3 experiments. On the contrary, the results of the error rates were different across the tasks, which means that attention and language processing differs in susceptibility to aging. The results suggest that there are common parts and domain-specific parts in the age-related changes in cognitive function.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the noun phrase(NP) characteristics during on-line sentence processing. The present study focused on the effect of the association between the type of the NPs and the syntactic position as well as the effect of the similarity of the NPs during on-line sentence processing. To do so, we measured eye-movements during the reading of sentences with scrambled subject-modifying subject-relative clauses. The type of the two critical NPs was varied as names or descriptive nouns. Results showed that when more prominent NPs(names) were in a more prominent syntactic position, shorter reading times were observed in various eye-tracking measures. The opposite pattern of results were observed when the names were in a less prominent syntactic position. Also, a shorter gaze duration was observed in a matrix subject position when the two critical NPs were of the same type compared to when they were of different types. These results suggest that, during the sentence comprehension, the understanding of sentences is influenced by the information status of the noun phrases.
Abstract
According to the hypothesis of integrated representations in visual working memory (VWM; Luck & Vogel, 1997), the present study tested if spatio-temporal contextual information in VWM can affect change detection performance. In Experiments, sample items were displayed either at fixed positions that would be easily organized into two distinctive groups or otherwise at random positions that would be difficult for such spatial organization. For the purpose of examining how the selection demand on the spatio-temporal information of the sample items affect change detection accuracy, the test items were displayed in a way that either every sample items (e.g., whole probe) or only a subset of the sample (e.g., partial probe) were displayed. We also examined the accuracy of participants’ responses when determining the membership of a change across two separate groups of test items. We found that change detection was more accurate in the fixed-position condition than the random-position condition except relatively lower accuracy under the partial probe, and the membership determination responses were fairly accurate. The results indicate that the selective access to spatio-temporal information that are accurately represented in VWM in an integrated fashion can lead to indiscriminate retrieval of memory items and consequently can cause a potential interference against VWM performance.
Abstract
Negative repetition effect (NRE) refers to the tendency for detection accuracy of a target to be lower when it has the same shape of distractor than when it has other distractors, in the post-cueing forced choice (PCFC) task, which requires participants to report the target post-cued among the two stimuli briefly presented. This task can be useful in studying minute characteristics of stimuli that perceptual systems are sensitive to in a well-controlled experimentation, as it makes participants pay full attention to minute aspects of stimuli on threshold. This paper describes PCFC task and related studies, and reviews current hypotheses of NRE. While reviewing the studies which observed positive repetition effects with dimensional attribute relation in a stimulus set (Garner, 1978a), unattended distractors, and whole report task, it is argued that there are some limitations with current explanations of NRE. In conclusion, notable points and research directions are commented.