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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.25 No.3
Abstract
This study examined the effects of affective valence and perceptual complexity of the IAPS (International Affective Picture System) pictures on affective picture processing using ERP (event-related potential) component analysis. ERP components as EPN (early posterior negativity) and LPP (late positive potential) have been reported to be modulated by valence, but some recent studies reported that LPP could be modulated by perceptual complexity as well as valence. To elucidate the modulatory effects of perceptual complexity and valence of IAPS pictures on ERPs, we examined the interaction of perceptual and affective modulations at EPN (220-280ms time window), LPP (350-600ms time window) and delta frequency (1-3Hz). Participants were asked to do affective judgement about each of IAPS pictures while ERPs were recorded. Average amplitudes of EPN at occipito-temporal area demonstrated significant effect of valence, perceptual complexity, and interaction of valence and complexity. For neutral and positive pictures, complex pictures showed higher amplitude than simple pictures, but no complexity effect was found for negative pictures. For complex pictures, negative pictures showed lower amplitude than neutral and positive pictures (EPN emotion effect of negative pictures), but no valence effect was found for simple pictures (no EPN emotion effect). Average amplitudes of LPP at parietal area demonstrated significant effect of valence and perceptual complexity. Negative pictures showed higher amplitude than neutral and positive pictures for both complex and simple pictures (LPP emotion effect of negative pictures). For neutral and positive pictures, simple pictures showed higher amplitude than complex pictures, but no complexity effect was found for negative pictures. No hemisphere-related interaction effect was found at both EPN and LPP. Maximum peak-to-peak difference amplitudes of delta at parietal area demonstrated significant effect of valence, but no significant effect of perceptual complexity was found. Negative pictures showed higher amplitude than neutral and positive pictures. The findings suggest that both LPP and EPN components are modulated by perceptual complexity as well as valence of affective pictures, but perceptual complexity effect can be attenuated or eliminated by negative valence. Delta frequency elicited by parietal area seems to be related with LPP, but contributes to only valence effect. Overall results suggest the motivational importance and priority of processing of negative stimuli.
Abstract
The attentional blink (AB) is a high-level phenomenon that is known to occur due to capacity limitations in memory or limited resources in attention. Recent studies, however, have shown that low-level visual features such as the bottom-up saliency of a stimulus can also influence the AB. In this study, we investigated the validity of an attentional cascade model which is based on the assumption that both working memory and bottom-up saliency will influence the AB. More specifically, we manipulated the signal strength, one of low-level features, of the second target (T2) and investigated its effect on the AB. In Experiment 1, we were able to observe that a simple orientation detection task produced the AB, suggesting that the AB can occur even for simple orientation stimuli. In Experiment 2, it was observed that the amount of the AB was modulated by the signal strength of T2 both in the orientation detection task (Experiment 2-1) and in the digit detection task (Experiment 2-2). Through these results, it was shown that the AB can be regulated by the signal strength of T2. Furthermore, the result for which the effect of the AB varies depending on the signal strength of T2 supports the validity of the attentional cascade model.
Abstract
A salient change arising from a mismatch between information in visual working memory (VWM) and a visual stimulus has been known to trigger a shift of attention to the location of the change. However, little is known about what occurs to the memory representation in VWM once after the mismatch was successfully detected. In order to address this issue, we devised a consecutive-change detection task where two successive sets of test items were presented after a single set of memory items. In the task, the single memory array was followed by the first test array either with or without a changed item. After a brief interval, the second test array followed the first test array, again either with or without a changed item. When the first and second test arrays both had changes, the changes would have occurred at the same or different locations, and the test arrays were manipulated to have either partial or whole probes. Detection of the change in the second test array went inaccurate if the first array had a change, and this relative impairment was more evident when those two changes occurred across different locations on the tests arrays of whole probes. The results indicate that detection of a preceding visual change can disrupt detection of another subsequent change, and also suggests the impairment may owe to a response bottleneck rather than the lack of representational fidelity per se in VWM.
Abstract
We investigated whether the dissociation between categorization and recognition are occurred in the elderly, Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type and Parkinson's disease patients by using the learning-transfer phase experimental paradigm and dot patterns as experimental material. While Knowlton and Squire(1993) used different items(dot patterns) in the transfer stages in categorization task and recognition task, we used the same items in both categorization and recognition transfer stage to compare the results with each other directly. The results showed that recognition is impaired in the elderly and Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type patients, while categorization is preserved. However, there is no difference in performance between Parkinson's disease patients and controls on categorization and recognition. The clinical implications of these results were discussed in the final section.
Abstract
This study examined the role of schema in facilitating memory for schema-relevant information experienced prior to the acquisition of the schema. Participants watched a video clip with no sound (to make it more incomprehensible), with or without a short description given before or after the video. Immediately, one week, or one month later, participants were asked to recognize the scenes by choosing familiar pictures out of schema relevant or schema irrelevant picture pool. Results showed that schema gained subsequent to specific events have positive and negative effects on the memory of the events. Implication to delayed recall for traumatic events, recovered memory of previously unrecallable events, and plausibility of planting false memory were discussed.
Abstract
Recent studies on task switching have identified that the brain regions involved in cognitive control are different according to the information processing types included in the task. Task switching paradigms used in previous studies has included two or more information processing levels. However, neural mechanisms underlying multi-dimensional task switching has been unknown. In this study, we performed three meta-analyses to test whether the additional brain regions are involved in multi-dimensional task switching compared to uni-dimensional task switching. From 1995 to 2011, a total of 38 switching studies with 433 activation coordinates were analyzed by using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method. The result showed that the bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the left inferior parietal lobule were more activated in multi-dimensional switching compared to uni-dimensional switching. An additional conjunction analysis revealed that uni- and multi-dimensional switches commonly recruit the left inferior frontal junction, the posterior parietal cortex, and the anterior cingulate cortex. Our results suggest that neural networks of cognitive control associated with task switching could be different according to the information processing levels.
Abstract
It has been suggested that the perceptual load induced by varying display set size is confounded with the dilution among nontarget stimuli. A flanker compatibility task was conducted to examine the nature of dilution. In Experiments 1 and 2, a target letter was presented at fixation with three or six task-irrelevant flanking letters surrounding it. Distractor interference was modulated by the number of the distracting letters in Experiment 1 and the ratio of the number of the distracting letters to the total number of the flanking letters in Experiment 2. When seven different letters were presented as a target, distracting letters, and neutral letters in Experiment 3, the number of the distracting letters modulated distractor interference. These findings are inconsistent with Tsal and Benoni’s (2010) idea that dilution is due to perceptual interference in the preattentive processing stage, as well as Lavie’s (1995) perceptual load theory. We argue that distractor interference is modulated by the probability of a distractor capturing focused attention.