바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

Validation of the Korean Version of the Continuing Bonds Scale

Korean Psychological Journal of Culture and Social Issues / Korean Psychological Journal of Culture and Social Issues, (P)1229-0661; (E)1229-0661
2016, v.22 no.2, pp.263-283



  • Downloaded
  • Viewed

Abstract

The present study aimed at examining the factor structure, reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Continuing Bonds Scale (K-CBS). In study 1, exploratory factor analysis was administered to 293 bereaved adults who had experienced the death of a loved one, and it revealed a single factor structure with 10 items that explained 52.59% of the total variance. The K-CBS showed good internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha of .92. In study 2, confirmatory factor analysis in a different sample of 200 bereaved adults indicated satisfactory standardized regression weights of all items. However, one item had a squared multiple correlation less than .40, hence, this item was discarded, and 9 items remained for the final scale. The single factor model with 9 items displayed a good fit. The K-CBS had strong positive correlation with grief symptoms, and weak positive correlation with depression. After controlling for grief, however, the K-CBS was predictive of a decrease in depression. The K-CBS was positively associated with posttraumatic growth. In addition, significant differences in scores of the K-CBS were shown among groups based on the deceased's relation to the bereaved and expectedness of loss. These results suggest that the K-CBS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure continuing bonds. Finally, implications, limitations, and directions for future research were discussed.

keywords
지속 유대, 사별, 애도, 신뢰도, 타당도, continuing bonds, bereavement, grief, reliability, validity

Reference

1.

송승훈, 이홍석, 박준호, 김교헌 (2009). 한국판 외상후 성장 척도의 타당도 및 신뢰도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 14(1), 193-214.

2.

안영란 (2006). 배우자 사별 여성을 위한 개별적 사별 중재 프로그램의 개발과 효과. 가톨릭대학교 대학원 박사학위 논문.

3.

전겸구, 이민규 (1992). 한국판 CES-D 개발 연구 1. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 11(1), 65-76.

4.

홍세희 (2000). 구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19(1), 161-177.

5.

Baltes, M. M., & Carstensen, L. L. (1996). The process of successful ageing. Ageing and Society, 16(4), 397-422.

6.

Boelen, P., Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Zijerveld, A. (2006). Continuing bonds and grief: A prospective analysis. Death Studies, 30, 767-776.

7.

Boerner, K., & Heckhausen, J. (2003). To have and have not: Adaptive bereavement by transforming mental ties to the deceased. Death Studies, 27, 199-226.

8.

Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (1999). Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 760-776.

9.

Bonanno, G. A., Notarius, C. I., Gunzerath, L., Keltner, D., & Horowitz, M. J. (1998). Interpersonal ambivalence, perceived relationship adjustment, and conjugal loss. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(6), 1012-1022.

10.

Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.

11.

Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2001). Posttraumatic growth: The positive lessons of loss. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss (pp. 157-172). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

12.

Currier, J. M., Irish, J. E. F., Neimeyer, R. A., & Foster, J. D. (2015). Attachment, continuing bonds, and complicated grief following violent loss: Testing a moderated model. Death Studies, 39, 201-210.

13.

Field, N. P. (2008). Whether to relinquish or maintain a bond with the deceased. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 113-132). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

14.

Field, N. P., & Filanosky, C. (2010). Continuing bonds, risk factors for complicated grief, and adjustment to bereavement. Death Studies, 34, 1-29.

15.

Field, N. P., & Friedrichs, M. (2004). Continuing bonds in coping with the death of a husband. Death Studies, 28, 597-620.

16.

Field, N. P., Gal-Oz, E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2003). Continuing bonds and adjustment at 5 years after the death of a spouse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 110- 117.

17.

Field, N. P., Gao, B., & Paderna, P. A. (2005). Continuing Bonds in Bereavement: An attachment theory based perspective. Death Studies, 29, 277-299.

18.

Field, N. P., Nichols, C., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1999). The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 212-218.

19.

Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1999). Loss and Bereavement: Attachment theory and recent controversies concerning “grief work” and the nature of detachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 735-759). New York: Guilford.

20.

Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and Melancholia. In J. Strachey (Ed., & Trans), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 14(1914-1916). On the history of the psychoanalytic movement, papers on metapsychology and other works (pp. 237-258). London: The Hogarth Press.

21.

Gaines, R. (1997). Detachment and continuity. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 33(4), 549-571.

22.

Hagman, G. (1995). Death of a selfobject: Toward a self psychology of the mourning process. In A. Goldberg(Ed.), Progress in self psychology, Vol. 11. The impact of new ideas. (pp. 189-205). Hillsdale NJ: Analytic Press.

23.

Hagman, G. (2001). Beyond decathexis: Toward a new psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of mourning. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss (pp. 13-31). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

24.

Horowitz, M. J., Siegel, B., Holen, A., Bonanno, G. A., Milbrath, C., & Stinson, C. H. (1997). Diagnostic criteria for complicated grief disorder. American Journal of psychiatry, 154(7), 904-910.

25.

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling: A multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.

26.

Kim, K., & Jacobs, S. (1991). Pathological grief and its relationship to other psychiatric disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 21(4), 257-263.

27.

Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (Eds.). (1996). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.

28.

Klass, D., & Walter, T. (2001). Processes of grieving: How bonds are continued. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 431-448). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

29.

Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

30.

Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). An attachment perspective on bereavement. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 87-112). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

31.

Neimeyer, R. A., Baldwin, S. A., & Gillies, J. (2006). Continuing bonds and reconstructing meaning: Mitigating complications in bereavement. Death Studies, 30, 715-738.

32.

Neimeyer, R. A., & Hogan, N. (2001). Quantitative or qualitative? Measurement issues in the study of grief. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 89-118). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

33.

Parkes, C. M. (1993). Bereavement as a psycho- social transition: Processes of adaptation to change. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research and intervention (pp. 91-101). New York: Cambridge University Press.

34.

Parkes, C. M. (1998). Recovery from bereavement (3rd ed.). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.

35.

Parkes, C. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2010). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life (4th ed.). London: Penguin.

36.

Raphael, B. (1983). The anatomy of bereavement. New York: Basic Books.

37.

Rando, T. A. (1993). Treatment of complicated grief. Champaign, IL: Research Press.

38.

Root, B. L., & Exline, J. J. (2014). The role of continuing bonds in coping with grief: Overview and future directions. Death Studies, 38, 1-8.

39.

Rosenblatt, P. C. (2001). A social constructionist perspective on cultural differences in grief. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 285-300). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

40.

Sanders, C. M. (1989). Grief: The mourning after. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

41.

Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, M., S., Boelen, P. A., & Zijerveld, A. M. (2006). Continuing relationships with the deceased: Disentangling bonds and grief. Death Studies, 30, 757-766.

42.

Shuchter, S. R., & Zisook, S. (1993). The course of normal grief. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research and intervention (pp. 23-43). New York: Cambridge University Press.

43.

Silverman, P. R., Nickman, S., & Worden, J. W. (1992). Detachment revisited: The child's reconstruction of a dead parent. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62(4), 494-503.

44.

Stroebe, M. S., Abakoumkin, G., Stroebe, W., & Schut, H. (2012). Continuing bonds in adjustment to bereavement: Impact of abrupt versus gradual separation. Personal Relationships, 19(2), 255-266.

45.

Stroebe, M. S., & Schut, H. (2005). To continue or relinquish bonds: A review of consequences for the bereaved. Death Studies, 29, 477-494.

46.

Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Boerner, K. (2010). Continuing bonds in adaptation to bereavement: Toward theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 259-268.

47.

Volkan, V. D. (1981). Linking objects and linking phenomena. New York: International Universities Press.

48.

Wortman, C. B., & Silver, R. C. (2001). The myths of coping with loss revisited. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 405-429). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

49.

Worden, J. W. (1982). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New York: Springer.

50.

Worden, J. W. (2003). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner (3rd ed.). Hove, New York: Brunner-Routledge.

Korean Psychological Journal of Culture and Social Issues