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- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.23 No.4
Abstract
We examined the age of acquisition(AoA) effect in Korean word recognition using picture naming, word naming, and lexical decision tasks. In Experiment 1, we presented picture naming and word naming tasks composed of stimuli from Snodgrass and Vanderwart(1980). The results showed that there were AoA effects in the picture naming latency, but not in the word naming latency. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the age of acquisition and word frequency for expansive Korean words in the word naming task. We found the frequency effects but not the AoA effects in the word naming latency. In Experiment 3, we examined the effects of AoA and word frequency in the lexical decision task for the same stimuli from Experiment 2. Both AoA and word frequency effects were found in the lexical decision latency, and the size of the AoA effects was similar between the two frequency(high, low) conditions. Our results can be explained in terms of the arbitrary mapping hypothesis.
Abstract
The comparison between supra-threshold visual working memory (VWM) representations and sensory inputs was reported to be rapid and automatic (Hyun et al., 2009). In the present study, we examined if engaging attention to a central memory task can impair detection of a peripheral pop-out change during VWM consolidation, maintenance, and recognition. In Experiment 1, the central memory task was a change detection task where subjects remembered colors of four boxes (sample array) and were asked to report presence or absence of a color change when another set of boxes (test array) showed up. They were also asked to detect a pop-out color change among a set of colored boxes displayed at periphery while the central task was being performed. The pop-out change among the peripheral boxes was manipulated to occur immediately after the sample array of the central task disappeared or during the middle of blank duration, or at the same time as when the test array appeared. In Experiment 2, we replaced the central memory task with a short-term recognition task in which a set of four numbers was presented simultaneously as a sample, and subjects were asked to determine whether the test number was in the sample array or not. The peripheral task was the same as in Experiment 1. Results of these experiments showed that detection of a peripheral change was impaired both when the change occurred immediately after the sample array offset, and when it occurred during the middle of the blank interval. However, this impairment was not observed when the change in the peripheral task occurred simultaneously as the test array appeared. The results indicate that consolidating and maintaining memory items in VWM are resource-demanding process and thus lacking extra capacity for automatic detection of a peripheral pop-out whereas the recognition of memory items is relatively free of such capacity-limitation
Abstract
Intertemporal choices are decisions between alternatives with outcomes that occur at different time points. An example would be smaller-but-sooner versus larger-but-later rewards. Recent evidence suggests an effect of future prospection on intertemporal choices. A number of neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the functional overlapping of perspective-taking and prospection. In the present study, a shared neural network involved in perspective-taking and future thinking was identified. Specifically, the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), temporal pole, and parahippocampal regions were found to be those that reflect the interindividual variability in the delayed discounting rate (the k value). The perspective-taking capability was also significantly associated with the effectiveness of future thinking on regulating the discounting rate in the subsequent intertemporal choices. The emotional regulatory effect on intertemporal choice was also examined.
Abstract
This study examined the effect of sensation-seeking on the pattern of frontal EEG asymmetry during resting baseline and viewing emotional stimuli. Experimental participants were separated into high sensation seekers and low sensation seekers by sensation seeking scale(Zukerman, 1994). Participants also completed PANAS before baseline measurement. Mean alpha power density asymmetries were extracted in midfrontal, lateral frontal, inferior parietal and posterior temporal sites during resting baseline and viewing 4 emotional clips inducing neutral, adventure, pleasure and relationship emotions. At baseline, FBAs were not significantly different between high sensation seeking and low sensation seeking, but high sensation seekers showed higher positive affect(PA) than low sensation seeker did. During viewing both adventure and pleasure clips, high sensation seeking group displayed higher left midfrontal activation and lower arousal feelings than low sensation seeking group did. The current findings implicates that high sensation seekers have a strategy to enhance hedonic well-being through increasing arousal from engaging in sensation seeking activities.
Abstract
Previous research has shown that language function is relatively robust against aging. However, this suggestion is mainly about vocabulary and semantic processes, and the aging effect on subsystems in language such as phonology and orthography is less known. Transmission Deficit hypothesis predicted that phonology and orthography are more sensitive to aging compared to semantics. In this study we studied the aging effect on the retrieval of orthographic knowledge in Korean using the spelling task. Two variables were manipulated: participants were younger or older adults, and stimuli were the words with phonological change or not. Participants heard recorded words over headphones and were instructed to spell each word in Hangul as accurately as possible. The main results were as follows. First, older adults exhibited lower accuracy than young adults in the retrieval of orthographic knowledge. Second, the accuracy decreased for the words with phonological change than for the words without phonological change. Third, there were larger age differences for the words with phonological change than for the words without phonological change. This result indicates that aging causes difficulty in the retrieval of orthographic knowledge in Korean, and this difficulty increases when words involve phonological change and as a result, sound and spelling of words are not matched.
Abstract
Recently, there have been several attempts to apply the results of theoretical research on memory processes in actual learning settings. One such attempt is the promotion of learning via retrieval or testing. Learning via retrieval occurs when one is forced to retrieve memorized information. For example, in a task where participants are asked to memorize cue-target pairs, learning is enhanced when only the cues are displayed during half of the learning session, inducing retrieval, and then the cue-target pairs are shown together, rather than when the cue-target pairs are displayed together throughout the session. One explanation for the memory enhancement effect of retrieval is that memory retrieval forces the learner to produce the answers and modify one's errors. The current study sought to examine such error modification processes as well as the importance of re-learning after retrieval induction by carrying out five experiments with college students. Experiment 1 was performed to replicate the findings of previous research. Then retrieval was induced and the conditions for re-learning was manipulated in two different ways. In Experiment 2, only the cue was displayed first, and then only the target was displayed in the experimental condition and the cue-target pairs were displayed together in the control. In Experiment 3, the cue was displayed first, and two conditions were compared: one in which the cue-target pairs were displayed longer and one in which the pairs were displayed for a shorter amount of time. In both experiments, performance increased when the conditions were better for re-learning. In Experiment 4, we found that there was no difference in performance when the retrieval induction time was different but the re-learning time was the same. In Experiment 5, when the re-learning time was short, the performance of retrieval induction condition was lower than that of the condition where learning took place without retrieval induction. These results suggest that in pair association learning tasks, not only retrieval induction but sufficient re-learning is an important factor in promoting memory performance.
Abstract
We examined how the emotional processing is influenced by attentional modulation such as the level of perceptual load using event-related potentials method. On each trial, six letters were presented with a picture of IAPS in the background. Perceptual load was manipulated by varying the number of distractors that were similar to the target (no similar distractor in low load condition, five or six similar distractors in high load condition), and the valence of each picture was unpleasant or neutral. In low and high load conditions, participants first performed the letter detection go/no-go task and then performed the emotional discrimination task about a previous picture (divided attention paradigm). Only ERP data of non-target no-go trials were included in the analysis. Participants responded more quickly and more accurately at low-load condition than at high-load condition, regardless of emotional valence of a background picture. ERP results showed emotion effect both in early (90-140ms) and late (700-1000ms) windows, but showed interaction effect of emotion and perceptual load only in late window. These results suggest that the perceptual load affect the late emotional processing, not the early emotional processing.
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate how emotional valence and the extend of cognitive effort as a semantic processing had influence on true and false memories in DRM paradigm. for two experiments. Both emotional lists and neutral lists were presented and standard recognition test was administerd by participants. In experiment 1, the level of processing was used to manipulate cognitive efforts. Participants were asked to rate the pleasantness of each words or to judge the color of word items. In experiment 2, the generative processing was manipulated for cognitive efforts. Participants were asked to make a word by combining consonants and vowels, or to read the upside-down mirror image of each words. The results showed that false memory rates with emotional lists were lower than neutral lists in both experiments. Moreover, the reduction of false memory in emotional lists was observed in the more cognitive effort condition. The results of two experiments indicated that emotion had an effect on the decline of false memory and confirmed the possibility that emotion could bring the benefit effect on memory performance.
Abstract
We examined the temporal and spatial resolution of Kinect which is a motion sensing input device manufactured by Microsoft. Specifically, two experiments were conducted to verify Simon effect and Muller-Lyer illusion by measuring quantitative behavior using Kinect. The purpose of experimental 1 was to evaluate the temporal resolution of Kinect in a Simon effect task. Simon effects were observed in both of the keyboard condition and the Kinect condition. In experimental 2, participants were asked to judge the length of the Mueller-Lyer test line compared to the comparison line either by perception or hand action. In the Kinect condition, hand-action judgement of the line increased with the line length linearly. More importantly, the hand-action condition did not show significant illusions while the perception condition showed significant illusions. This result suggests that Kinect could be a useful tool to explore a possible gap between perception and action. Finally, several methodological problems and future developments of the Kinect system were discussed.
Abstract
Coltheart, Davelaar, Jonasson, & Besner (1977) insisted that word recognition can be regulated by the number and frequency of neighbors, which are defined as words that have the same length as a word in question and have only one different letter. The present study adopted the progressive demasking method to collect error responses that could reveal competing neighbors of a stimulus word. The collected errors were analysed to find clues to how to define neighborhood in the processing of Korean bisyllabic words. The results obtained were different from what was assumed by Coltheart et al. First, Kulja type as well as letter was found to be critical in activating neighbors. Initial letter was more important than middle and final letters in a syllable. However, semantic effects were not significant implying that orthographic factors prevails in the initial stage of word recognition, which is consistent with Coltheart et al. In sum, the results suggest that orthographic neighbors in Korean word recognition should be defined in multiple dimensions using strokes, letters, Kuljas, Kulja types, and so forth.
Abstract
We tried to verify a low-cost eye tracking device(Model KSL-240) designed in our Lab, using a commercialized eye tracker device(Tobii 1750). Participants were asked either to move eyes or to move mouse cursors to the location of a red circle presented in the target display, and they were assigned to three experimental conditions(KSL-240/Tobii 1750/Mouse Tracking). As results, 1) accuracy of the Mouse Tracking condition was 100%, 2) accuracy of the KSL-240(92%) eye tracking condition showed better performance over the Tobii 1750(79%) condition, 3) mean response time of the eye movements in the KSL-240(598ms) condition was somewhat slower than that of the Tobii 1750(466ms) condition, and the Mouse Tracking (808ms) condition was the slowest. In conclusion, it was suggested that the model KSL-240 eye-tracker could be used as a device which might be able to substitute more expensive, commercialized devices.