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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.29 No.1
Abstract
In this study, a cluster analysis of smartphone addiction tendency group by smartphone application usage type was conducted to verify the subtypes of smartphone addiction tendency group and their characteristics. A comparison between them and the general usage group were made in terms of execution function, interpersonal problem and empathy ability characteristics. S-Scale was used to college students in order to select 63 students of whom will be in addiction tendency group and 25 in general user group. The number of cluster was assigned to 3 focusing on application usage information of addiction tendency group to extract their subtypes; a K-means clustering was then conducted. As a result, the 3 clusters of addiction tendency group was shown to have significant difference among the group in the use of the application. In order to verify the difference between the three subtypes of addiction tendency group that were extracted through cluster analysis and the general user group, the three subtypes were named communication type, entertainment type and instrumental user type respectively, each of which were then compared to general user group. First, to compare the execution function characteristics, a CPT which measures impulsiveness and inhibition ability within the execution function task and WCST which measures planning ability was used. In sequence, a KIIP-SC and K-QCAE was respectively used to compare interpersonal problem and empathy ability characteristics. The core results of this study are as follows: First, the addiction tendency group showed significantly poorer performance than the general user group regardless of their subtypes. Second, in WCST, the communication and entertainment types in the addiction tendency group showed significantly poorer performance than the general user group. Third, in KIIP-SC, the communication type in the addiction tendency group was shown to experience more interpersonal problem compared to the general user group. Lastly, in K-QCAE, the entertainment type in the addiction tendency group was shown to have significantly higher cognitive empathy and empathy quotient than the general group.
Abstract
The current study investigated whether the predictability of the central cue would influence endogenous attention without being perceived and aware of. We used Posner’s cueing paradigm (1980) with central cues, which were subliminally presented through CFS(Continuous Flash Suppression, Tsuchiya & Koch, 2005). In Experiment 1, subliminal predictive central cue was presented and participants were not told about the existence of the central cue. Results showed that the target presented on the cued location was detected more quickly with compared to the target presented on the un-cued location, even thought they were not awared of the central cues. In Experiment 2, non-predictive cue was presented subliminally or supraliminally depending on the group condition. A random half of the participants were in the subliminal cue group, or consciously not perceived the cue. The remainder was assigned to supraliminal cue group, and they could consciously perceived the cue. Results showed that the cueing effect of the non-predictive cue was not observed in the subliminal cue group, whereas it was only reported in the supraliminal cue group. It could be inferred from these results that endogenous attention could work without conscious awareness, and it could be determined by the predictability of the subliminal cue.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the deficit of inhibitory mechanism in cognition and attention process in adults with smartphone addiction tendency. In experiment 1, probe recognition reading span task was conducted to explore inhibition mechanism in cognition process. In addition to, investigate respond characteristic of adults with smartphone addiction tendency, sets of sentences were used as experiment stimuli. The sentences were composed of smartphone related or unrelated words. The result of experiment 1, first, smartphone addiction tendency group did not show selective inhibition for irrelevant information. Second, smartphone addiction tendency group took longer response time when processing smartphone-unrelated information compared to the control group. However, these groups did not show a significant difference in the response when they processe smartphone-related information. These results suggested that smartphone addiction tendency had difficulties in inhibition ability for irrelevant information. It means that efficiency of executive function of working memory is degraded. And also, it showed that there was distinct respond characteristic of smartphone addiction tendency in comparison with control group. In Experiment 2, inhibition of return task was conducted to explore inhibition mechanism in attention process. The result of experiment 2, smartphone addiction tendency group showed less inhibition of return compared to control group. In summary, all of these results suggested that adults with smartphone addiction tendency had decreased inhibition mechanism in cognition and attention process. The result of the present study could be use in understanding the characteristic of smartphone addiction and it will be useful to make a diagnosis of smartphone addiction.
Abstract
The aim of this research was to examine the intrinsic functional connectivity of the brain reward system in individuals at risk for Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Here we focus on the ventral striatum (VS) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), the key brain regions for reward hedonic processing and evaluation, respectively. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired from 18 young male participants with Internet-game overuse (IO) and 20 comparable normal subjects (NCs) to compare the intrinsic connectivities of the VS and vmPFC as the two seed regions. The group comparison was made between the functional connectivity maps of these two groups, where resting-state functional connectivity was examined using correlation analysis on the signal fluctuations of each voxel and that of a seed region. The results indicate that the vmPFC functional connectivity of the IO group was reduced relative to the NC group in the inferior parietal region, which is known for attention control and social evaluation. In addition, the IO groups exhibited increased negative functional connectivity between the VS and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, suggesting a compensatory mechanism via an inhibitory influence of cognitive executive function on the reward system. These observations suggest that impaired functional connectivity between reward processing regions and cognitive control regions in the frontal and parietal areas is a neurological risk factor for IGD.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the revised-Conners Rating Scale (rCRS), which is a self-reported ADHD test, and the useful field of view (UFOV) and visual matching (VM) tasks. In the UFOV task, which measures the ability to detect momentary target stimuli, the higher the score of rCRS, the lower the ability to detect the target stimulus. In the VM task, which measures the additional attention level, the rCRS The higher the score, the higher the attention level was used. The results showed that the computerized cognitive tasks UFOV and VM tasks were related to rCRS, and these computerized cognitive tasks could be used to diagnose ADHD.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the task-unrelated valence and arousal on N-back task performance. To do so, in the first experiment, participants performed 2-back tasks where valence levels of the pictures presented before the target were manipulated while arousal levels were controlled. In the second experiment, arousal levels of the pictures were manipulated while valence levels were controlled. As results, accuracies of the N-back task were worse when pictures with negative valence were presented. Arousal had no effect on N-back task performance. The results indicate that negative valence affects cognitive processing even when the arousal level were controlled.
Abstract
Many theories of shape perception assume that objects are the perceptual units, but complex objects are composed of distinct parts and thus the visual system can also represent object shapes at the level of smaller parts. The minima rule proposes that the visual system uses negative minima of curvature to define boundaries between parts. We employed a new experimental paradigm, globally inconsistent kinetic occlusion, to test whether the minima rule reliably mirrors regularities in the physical world, where concave contour segments often correspond to part boundaries. Participants observed animations of a target object moving across another static object, where the top half of the target was occluding, and simultaneously the bottom half occluded by the static object. This situation generated two competing perceptual interpretations: either the target cleaving the static object into two separated in depth, or the target being cleaved into two surfaces by the static one. We manipulated the sign and magnitude of contour curvature between the top and bottom halves of an object, so that 6 shapes were employed as moving targets. This result showed that targets with concave minima were more likely perceived as splitting into two surfaces than those with convex maxima or zero curvature. This finding suggests that the visual system parses shapes into parts, taking advantage of negative minima of curvature, and that part structure affects surface representations in accordance with ecological/physical regularities of the visual world.