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- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.32 No.1
Abstract
This study seeks to examine how property generalization is influenced by the interaction between base-rate and perceived category coherence in social categories like occupation. To this end, in Experiment 1, we empirically acquired (observing each case) base-rate property information (30% vs. 70%). When a base-rate property of 30% or 70% was repeatedly observed from three members of high-cohesive (professional soldiers, flight attendants, and comedians) and low-cohesive (private tutors, librarians, and community service center employees) categories, we estimated 0–100% likelihood that the same property will be observed in the fourth member. In Experiment 2, we carried out the same inductive reasoning task as Experiment 1, after verbally acquiring base-rate property information (specifying the base rate as a percentage). In both Experiments 1 and 2, results revealed the following: the main effect of the base rate was that property generalization became stronger at the 30% than 70% base rate; the main effect of category coherence was that property generalization became stronger for the high-cohesive category than for the low-cohesive category; and the interaction between base rate and category coherence showed that the effect of category coherence was more pronounced at the 30% than 70% base rate. This study went a step further than prior studies in that it examined comprehensively the effect of the difference in base rate and category coherence on property generalization. It has implications for stereotyping second-generation, multiracial families, and foreigners whose numbers are increasing in Korean society.
Abstract
It is crucial to develop cognitive maps of emergency evacuation routes for rapid and safe evacuation in advance of disasters. Evacuation routes are often presented by two- or three-dimensional maps. However, it is unclear how cognitive maps of emergency evacuation routes developed by the different map types affect wayfinding performance and whether these are different between men and women. In order to address this issue, the current study constructed a maze similar to a real escape situation and divided participants into three groups according to the types of map with consideration of the sex ratio. The results showed that groups with two- and three-dimensional maps showed higher accuracy than the control group. Importantly, women showed longer escape times than men in the group with three-dimensional map, whereas the difference was absent in the other groups. These findings suggest that providing evacuation routes with two-dimensional map would help save many lives in evacuation situations.
Abstract
Even though language processing is quite dissimilar on each hemisphere, it has been rarely studied what language information could be utilized to recognize Korean noun Eojeol in bilateral hemispheres. Eojeol is adequate for speculating language processing as it is a complicated lexical-unit in Korean. The purpose of this study is to investigate the functional contribution of bilateral hemispheres to visual processing on Korean noun Eojeol through visual half-field study. In this study, two experiments were performed. One is that Eojeol was presented in the central visual field, the other is that Eojeol was presented in the right or left visual field. Afterwards, the regression analysis was conducted to analyze the lexical variables that significantly affect the response time of Eojeol decision. It shows additionally significant lexical-variables in left and right visual field compared to center visual field. Tthe ‘root frequency’ variable was additionally significant in the right visual field. On the other hand, ‘number of strokes’, ‘number of syllables’, ‘number of letters’, ‘number of objective meanings’, and ‘number of subjective meanings’ variables additionally were significant in the left visual field. The reason for additionally significant lexical variables in each visual field was due to the induction of functional deficit in one hemisphere leading to primary Eojeol processing in the other hemisphere. This cognitive processing has a relation with the hemisphere-specific function of bilateral hemispheres. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the functional contribution of the bilateral hemispheres that could be involved in the language information processing of noun Eojeol through the visual half-field study.
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of cue-intention association and target frequency on prospective memory performance. Total 230 undergraduates participated in two experiments administered with EBPM paradigm. The association between cue-intention was manipulated within subjects by altering half of target words. The frequency of target presentation was manipulated between subjects. Half of participants were randomly assigned in 3 times presentation condition and the other half of participants were in one time condition. Results of two experiment remained steady. Participants showed higher accurate response rates with strongly associated cue-intention target words than with weak targets. There was a two way interaction between cue-intention association and target frequency. In weakly associated cue-target condition, participants performed better with 3 times target presentation than with just one time presentation. When the association was weak, no difference was observed between frequency conditions. These findings suggest that the repetition of target appearance can simply improve prospective memory performance even though the association between cue-intention was poor formed at encoding phase. Theoretical implications were also discussed with respect to spontaneous retrieval in prospective memory.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to show the P300 amplitude of probe stimulus is overestimated more than that of irrelevant stimulus because of the difference of the number of trials between two stimuli in the P300-based concealed information test, and to demonstrate that the type 1 error rate of bootstrap method is higher than the significance level, but that of permutation test is the same as the significance level. The type 1 error rate and the statistical power of bootstrap method and permutation test were estimated by using Monte Carlo study in the case of using 30 Hz, 10 Hz, or 5 Hz low-pass filter, and using P300 peak amplitude or P300 mean amplitude of 100 ms interval. As a result, despite using low-pass filter or P300 mean amplitude of 100 ms interval, the extent of overestimation for the P300 amplitude of probe stimulus was greater at least about 1 ㎶ than that of irrelevant stimulus. For this reason the type 1 error rate of bootstrap method was higher than the significance level. However, the type 1 error rate of permutation test was the same as the significance level. The power of permutation test was highest when 5 Hz low-pass filter and P300 means amplitude of 100 ms interval were used. The results of this study can be used in all cases where the P300 amplitudes of two stimuli with different number of trials are compared.
Abstract
People share implicit cross-modal mappings for certain visual and auditory features such as pitch and human speech. The current study explored the role of phonetic features in intrinsic associations between consonant sounds and colors. For this purpose, we presented synthetic consonant sounds generated by parametrically manipulating oral and non-oral constriction gestures of speech organs, using an articulatory synthesizer. Participants were asked to choose a color after hearing each sound. Color-matching results showed that nasal sounds characterized by a velic gesture were associated with lighter and more yellowish colors than other sounds. The perceptual space of the consonant sounds from dissimilarity judgment ratings indicated that participants could capture the consonantal nature of the stimuli. These results imply the non-arbitrary association between phonetic features of consonants and colors.
Abstract
The facilitative effect of stimuli arrangement was reported when two objects were arranged to make interact functionally (Green & Hummel, 2006; Papeo, Stein, & Soto-Faraco, 2017). It was investigated whether a similar effect could be observed when an implied circumstantial relationship was made by manipulating the facing direction of animals. We modified the size comparison task which was used to judge the semantic size of animal by Moyer (1973) and Paivio (1975). Specifically, four types of confrontation were applied to presenting two images: (1) facing left, (2) facing right, (3) face-to-face, or (4) back-to-back. In results, an inhibitory effect of face-to-face arrangement was observed. The reaction time performances were ordered by the confrontation types, face-to-face, back-to-back, and facing left or right, from the slowest to the fastest. It was conjectured that different circumstantial relationship provoked by the confrontation types of stimuli could put an extra load on cognitive processing, which could interfere the main cognitive judgments.
Abstract
Although the use of face emoticons has become a common daily life, studies on the perception of facial emoticons are still rare. This study investigated the configural information processing of face emoticons and real faces (face photos) using ERP research methods. The successive presentation of different facial stimuli reduced N170 amplitude to facial stimuli compared to the mixed presentation of facial stimuli with other non-facial stimuli. This category-level repetition suppression effect for faces would occur when the same configural information processing underlying the N170 were repeated for each subsequent face (Maurer et al., 2008; Mercure, 2011). To examine the configural processing of face emoticon, we investigated category-level repetition suppression effect by manipulating the stimulus context. Face emoticons, face photos, and house icons were presented separately in separate blocks (homogeneous context) or were presented together in the same block (mixed context), and the effects of stimulus contexts on N170 and P1 were analyzed. The results showed that no context effect on P1 amplitude was found, and the magnitudes of P1 amplitude were in the order of face photo > face emoticon = house icon, which supports that P1 is sensitive to low-level perceptual properties and is not face-sensitive. The N170 amplitudes of face emoticons and face pictures except house icons were larger in the mixed context compared to the homogeneous context (category-level repetition suppression effect) which suggest that the processing of face emoticon rely on configural information processing similar to real face. N170 amplitudes of face emoticons and face photos were larger than those of house icons (face-sensitive N170 effect) in the mixed context, but only face photos except face emoticons showed face-sensitive N170 effect in the homogeneous context. Our findings suggest that the processing of real face rely on both configural information and face components information, but the processing of face emoticon rely on only configural information. Taken together, configural information plays a big role for the perception of even very simple emoticon faces, similar to real faces.
Abstract
Some event-related potentials (ERPs) components reflect recognition information processes. In this study, we tested the accuracy of ERP-based memory classification using peak-to-peak bootstrapped amplitude difference (BAD) method. Participants (N=25) watched a mock-crime video and performed task about 1 hour later. One group (n=13) performed recognition protocol which a response was selected from seen or unseen responses after probe presentation. The other group (n=12) performed Target/Non-target (T/NT) protocol which a response was selected from target or non-target responses based on the color of background behind the memory cue. We analyzed cue-evoked ERP and the bootstrapped differences in recollection-related ERP components (late positive complex, LPC; late posterior negativity, LPN) at Pz site were used for classification (observed vs. unobserved). Analyzing ERP differences in recognition protocol group were highly effective in distinguishing between probe and the other type of stimulus (ACC = .85). On the other hands, analyzing ERP differences in T/NT task protocol group were useless for eyewitness memory Identification (ACC = .17). These results indicate neural activity evoked by recognition cue could be used for eyewitness investigation, and suggest the property of the task is important.