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Vol.35 No.4
Abstract
As society becomes more complex, collaboration gains more significant importance in learning and work contexts. People employ various methods of cooperation, and this study highlights the hybrid collaboration method, where individuals first work on tasks independently and then collaborate with team members. Prior research has demonstrated that this method is more adept at generating ideas than traditional collaborative methods. To test the generalizability of this finding, participants were asked to complete two English vocabulary tasks - Word Scramble and Anagram - in three different groups: traditional collaboration, hybrid collaboration, and nominal groups. The participants' performance was subsequently assessed based on the number of correct answers they provided. The results showed that the hybrid collaboration group performed better than the other two groups, in the more challenging Anagram task. Thus, the hybrid collaboration method emerges as a potentially effective means to cultivate collaboration and generate innovative ideas in complex learning and work situations. This provides further evidence of the effectiveness of this approach and suggests it could be effective for individuals and teams aiming to enhance their collaborative problem-solving skills.
Abstract
The location probability learning effect refers to the phenomenon where spatial attention is biased towards a specific location, resulting in faster visual search, when a target appears frequently at that location (Jiang et al., 2013). This study aimed to investigate whether spatial attention is flexibly biased by temporal context in conjunction search. In Experiment 1, the target appeared with high frequency in two specific quadrants depending on the temporal context (300 ms / 1300 ms) after fixation. The results of Experiment 1 showed that spatial attention was biased towards the two high-frequency quadrants regardless of the temporal context. In Experiment 2, by reinforcing the temporal context, the target was presented from either the first or second search display depending on the context, and the results showed that context-specific spatial attention bias occurred. Experiment 3 reaffirmed the influence of the order to investigate specifically the effect sizes of the temporal order and duration confounded in Experiment 2. These results imply that the search display with temporal order information is used as a powerful temporal context in location probability learning, and provide new insights into the way temporal context operates in the human learning mechanism in dynamic environments where space and time coexist.
Abstract
Evolutionary theories of emotion suggest that people consistently perceive emotions such as happiness, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise from several facial expressions of basic emotions across races and cultures. Although the universality hypothesis about basic emotion expressions is widely accepted in emotion fields, some argue that the methodological problems of choice-from array task commonly used in emotion research make it difficult to identify cultural differences in emotion perception. The present study examined the perception of basic emotions expressed on Korean, Japanese, and Caucasian faces by using two tasks that addressed issues with the traditional choice-from-array task. In Study 1, we conducted a free-labeling task in which participants freely generated emotion labels upon the recognition of emotional faces, and we subsequently categorized the verbal responses they produced. The results revealed that for faces expressing happiness, sadness, anger, and surprise, emotion labels were predominantly aligned with the intended target emotions. However, for faces expressing disgust, approximately half of the expressed labels belonged to the disgust category, while the other half belonged to the anger category. Verbal labels for faces expressing fear were predominantly associated with surprise rather than fear. Additionally, for facial expressions of disgust and fear, we observed an ingroup advantage, where response rates for the target emotion were higher for Korean faces compared to Caucasian and Japanese faces. In Study 2, we repeated the same analysis using an extended choice-from-array task with 24 high-frequency emotion labels collected from Study 1. The results indicated that labels related to anger were more frequently selected for expressions of disgust, and labels related to surprise were more likely to be associated with expressions of fear. An ingroup advantage was also observed for Korean faces displaying disgust compared to Japanese faces displaying disgust. Clustering analysis and multidimensional scaling revealed that the six basic emotional expressions were grouped into four separate clusters corresponding to happiness, sadness, anger, and surprise, respectively. These results suggest that, contrary to the general assumption that the six basic emotions are universally and independently perceived, Koreans tend to perceive expressions of disgust as anger and perceive expressions of fear as surprise. Taken together, our findings indicate that Koreans do not interpret disgust and fear from faces expressing those emotions in a ‘culturally universal way’. We suggest that the free-labeling task serves as an effective alternative to mitigate the methodological limitations of the choice-from-array task, particularly in identifying cultural differences in emotion perception across languages and societies.
Abstract
Previous studies on syllable frequency effect on visual recognition of Korean words have reported mixed results depending on their part of speech, morphological form (simple vs. inflected form), and measures of syllable frequency (e.g., type or token frequency). The present study reanalyzed lexical decision data from 23,173 words in three datasets (Yi et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2020). In eight independent hierarchical regression models, four frequency measures were employed for the orthographic and phonological first syllable, respectively. The first syllable frequency was measured in terms of type or token, or whether the length of syllabic neighbors was considered or not. The results showed robust facilitative effects of first syllable frequency in all forms of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, while only in inflected form for nouns. The facilitative effects of first syllable frequency were demonstrated regardless of frequency measure, both in orthographic and phonological syllable frequency. This facilitative effect of syllable frequency could be due to the Korean writing system, which provides visually distinct syllabic boundaries, resulting in direct access to the mental lexicon via the orthographic route. The null effect of the syllable frequency in noun words could be attributed to their greater number of higher frequency syllabic neighbors (HFSN), compared to the other three categories. Thus, these results suggest that both the orthographic and phonological representation of a syllable plays an important role in visual word recognition.
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine whether the effect of the first syllable token frequency in visual recognition of Korean predicate Eojeol is similarly reported as noun Eojeol recognition. A total of 151 tri-syllabic Eojeols and 150 quad-syllabic Eojeols were used in lexical decision task. The linear mixed-effect model included variables of the first syllable token frequency, stem frequency, and Eojeol frequency. The analysis results showed a significant facilitative effect of the first syllable token frequency in tri-syllabic Eojeols, as well as a significant effect of Eojeol frequency. However, in quad-syllabic Eojeols, the effect of the first syllable token frequency was not significant, while only stem frequency showed a significant facilitative effect. These results partially support the notion that the facilitative effect of the first syllable token frequency is not restricted to specific parts of speech. Additionally, it suggests that the influence of the first syllable may vary depending on the level of morphological changes in predicate Eojeol.
Abstract
It was investigated whether the perceived size of biological motion differs depending on the walking direction, approaching or away. In experiment 1a, the stimulus used for the size determination task was a point-light walker that added shaded information that could emphasize the perception of an object approaching or moving away. It was found that the stimulus was perceived larger in the approaching direction than in the away direction. In Experiment 1b, the difference in size perception depending on the walking direction was reaffirmed when the order of reference and test stimulus presentation were counterbalanced. Especially, this difference in size perception was observed under conditions in which the stimulus was presented at a relatively long period of time (1000 ms). In Experiment 2, it was investigated whether an implied approaching motion in a single frame image could cause a difference in size perception, and it was confirmed. This suggests that size perception can be influenced by the representation of the implied motion. This study shows that the sociobiological value of walking direction can influence the size of the object represented by the biological motion to be perceived differently, suggesting that this effect may have occurred at the level of motion representation rather than the level of perception of physical motion.