Previous research have demonstrated that the external factors (ex., money, appearance) are more influential in Easterners' self-views and conditions for happiness than those of Westerners'. Based on these results, the current study examined whether 1) children and adolescents acquired these tendency as they grew up and 2) this tendency had relevance with social comparison. Total 954 students (260 elementary, 216 middle school, 260 high school and 218 college students) participated in the study. The results showed that elementary and middle school students regarded the internal factors (ex., thinking, feeling) as more important. But high school students considered the external factors as more important, and there was no difference in college students. Also, the results revealed that elementary and middle school students regarded the harmony of family and peace of mind as more important conditions for happiness. These results contrasted with preference for better educational backgrounds, better occupation, and money in high school and college students. In addition, age and social comparison tendency had positive relation with external self-concepts and negative relation with self-esteem. Especially, high school students showed strongest external self-concepts and social comparison tendency among four age groups. They also showed strongest preference for external conditions for happiness, but their self-esteem was the lowest. This might reflect fierce competition for college education in Korea, and the results of the current study have demonstrated that adolescents developed a tendency to prefer external factors to internal factors as they grew up in a competitive environment.
The purpose of this study was to attain a clearer understanding of the reciprocal effects of deviant self- concept and delinquent behaviors by applying a latent state-trait autoregressive modeling approach. Although traditional autoregressive cross-lagged (ARCL) modeling has been widely applied to test the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between the two constructs, it could produce misspecified findings if there were trait-like processes involved in this relationship. The latent state-trait autoregressive(LST-AR) modeling was applied to control trait effects of deviant self-concept and to examine the reciprocal causal relations between the two constructs. Data were taken from a sample of 3,449 eighth graders who were followed annually for 5 years from the Korea Youth Panel Study. The combining LST-AR model with ARCL model substantiated the reciprocal effects of deviant self-concept and delinquent behaviors, even after the stable trait component of deviant self-concept was taken into account. The present findings shed lights on the reciprocal effects of behaviors (i.e., delinquency) and self‒concepts (i.e., deviant self-concept). Not only did behaviors change corresponding self-concept, but the ways adolescents perceived themselves influenced their behaviors.
The present research investigated the influence of the enlistment motivation on an image of military organization, soldier’s stress, a confidence of social life after discharge from military service and military life satisfaction in Korean military service. Participants of this research were 257 soldiers (121 conscript Army soldiers and 136 voluntary Marines) from 2 companies in the army and 2 companies in the Marine Corps located in South Korea. Results of this study showed that 1) conscript Army group(M=2.39, SD=.71)had a significantly higher score than voluntary Marines group(M=1.95, SD=.63)in extrinsic enlistment motivation. On the contrary, Marines group(M=4.16, SD=.76) had a significantly higher score than Army group(M=3.62, SD=.87) in intrinsic enlistment motivation. 2) Enlistment by intrinsic motivation has positive influence on the military life. Result of Regression analysis showed that enlistment by intrinsic motivation significantly predicted a military life satisfaction(β=.402, t=6.424, p<.001), a confidence of social life(β=.528, t=9.836, p<.001), and an image of military organization(β=.494, t=8.486, p<.001). On the other hand, enlistment by extrinsic motivation has negative influence on the military life. Result of Regression analysis showed that enlistment by extrinsic motivation significantly predicted the soldier’s stress in military life(β=.415, t=6.642, p<.001), and no confidence of social life(β=-.177, t=-3.306, p<.001). These results suggest that Korean military needs to focus on enhancing intrinsic enlistment motivation of young men of conscription age before conscription by educating, and advertising etc. And also, we discuss that Korean military needs to consider how to boost intrinsic motivation of military life.
The present research investigated the influence of the enlistment motivation on an image of military organization, soldier's stress, a confidence of social life after discharge from military service and military life satisfaction in Korean military service. Participants of this research were 257 soldiers (121 conscript Army soldiers and 136 voluntary Marines) from 2 companies in the army and 2 companies in the Marine Corps located in South Korea. Results of this study showed that 1) conscript Army group(M=2.39, SD=.71)had a significantly higher score than voluntary Marines group(M=1.95, SD=.63)in extrinsic enlistment motivation. On the contrary, Marines group(M=4.16, SD=.76) had a significantly higher score than Army group(M=3.62, SD=.87) in intrinsic enlistment motivation. 2) Enlistment by intrinsic motivation has positive influence on the military life. Result of Regression analysis showed that enlistment by intrinsic motivation significantly predicted a military life satisfaction(β=.402, t=6.424, p<.001), a confidence of social life(β=.528, t=9.836, p<.001), and an image of military organization(β=.494, t=8.486, p<.001). On the other hand, enlistment by extrinsic motivation has negative influence on the military life. Result of Regression analysis showed that enlistment by extrinsic motivation significantly predicted the soldier's stress in military life(β=.415, t=6.642, p<.001), and no confidence of social life(β=-.177, t=-3.306, p<.001). These results suggest that Korean military needs to focus on enhancing intrinsic enlistment motivation of young men of conscription age before conscription by educating, and advertising etc. And also, we discuss that Korean military needs to consider how to boost intrinsic motivation of military life.
The purpose of this study is to compare relationship with friends among adolescents under probation and high school students without any criminal record. A total of 510 respondents (253 adolescents under probation, 257 high school students) participated in this study. Results indicate that both adolescents under probation and high school students reported that they talk to talked to their friends when they were lonely, that they were comfortable when they are with their friends, and that they trusted their friends unconditionally. However, the two groups showed a difference in the place that they meet their friends. Adolescents under probation are likely to meet their friends at Internet Cafe to play internet games, while high school students are likely to meet their friends near their school. Compared to high school students, adolescents under probation had more friends who were expelled from school, who were under probation and who have been previously incarcerated. For adolescents under probation, compared to first time offenders, the repeat offenders were more likely to have friends who were under probation and who have been previously incarcerated. When discriminant analysis were conducted for adolescents under probation and high school students, the two groups can be distinguished by the number of friends expelled from school, number of friends under probation, and number of friends who have been previously incarcerated. For adolescents under probation, compared to first time offenders, the repeat offenders could be distinguished by the number of friends expelled from school, number of friends under probation, number friends who have been previously incarcerated, and number of times their partners in crime were under probation or incarcerated.