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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.31 No.3
Abstract
The current study explored neural correlates of the relationship between cognitive style and task switching processes. A task switching paradigm including object and verbal tasks was employed and neural responses were collected using fMRI. Behavioral and neural switch costs were correlated with individuals’ cognitive style preference scores. A total of thirty-five young adults participated in this study. Behavioral results showed that verbal preference scores were positively correlated with the switch cost in the object task. Neural responses in the object task showed a positive relationship between object style preference and the neural switch cost in the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus and left intraparietal sulcus. In addition, an interaction between the object and verbal preferences was found in the angular gyrus during the object task. These results show how the individual differences in cognitive style preference during task switching could be linked to individual variations in neural responses. These findings suggest that cognitive style preference may be related to cognitive control through attentional resource allocation, and selection, and the processing of target- and distractor-relevant information during task switching.
Abstract
The present study investigated how a translation priming effect with Korean-English bilinguals would be observed as function of the language directions, L2 proficiency, and SOAs. Participants were divided into two proficient groups based on their L2 proficiency, and the 50ms and 150ms SOAs were used. The main results of this study are as follows. First, regardless of their L2 proficiency, the asymmetry of translation priming effects was observed. That is, the effect was larger in the L1-L2 direction than in the L2-L1 direction in both proficiency groups. Second, the degree of this priming asymmetry was larger in low-proficient bilinguals than in high-proficient bilinguals. Although in both proficiency groups, the priming effect of the L1-L2 direction was greater than that of the L2-L1 direction, the magnitude of the difference was decreased in the high proficiency relative to the low proficiency. Third, independent of the SOAs, the difference of the priming effects according to the language directions was smaller in the high-proficient group than in the low-proficient group. That is, despite the SOA increased from 50 ms to 150ms, the pattern of asymmetry was not changed that the low-proficient group showed more asymmetric translation priming effects compared to the high-proficient group. The results were discussed in terms of several bilingual models.
Abstract
Facial expressions are visual information that reflects our inner states and plays an important role in how people communicate with others. Recently, facial expressions have been actively used through emoticons via online communication modes such as chatting on social media. The current study investigated the underlying mechanism of the perception of facial expressions in emoticons. There are two hypotheses regarding the processing of facial expressions. First, the feature-based processing hypothesis suggests facial expressions are perceived based on information gathered from each facial feature such as eyes, nose, and mouth, all of which are processed independently. Second, according to the holistic processing hypothesis, facial expressions are perceived with configural information such as the distance between the eyes. For the perception of facial expressions in a real human face, most studies have supported the holistic processing hypothesis. However, the results of studies for facial expressions in emoticons are inconsistent. The purpose of the current study is to explore whether the underlying mechanism of the facial expression perception in emoticons can be influenced by the elaboration level, related to how facial features are described in detail. In the experiment, we employed two types of emoticons to manipulate the elaboration level: simple and elaborated. In a simple emoticon, all facial features are represented with a few line segments, whereas in an elaborated emoticon, the features are elaborately described at the drawing level. Participants were asked to perform an emotion recognition task in which a human face or an emoticon with one of the five basic facial expressions (anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) was presented in an aligned or misaligned state. As a result, whereas in the case of the elaborated emoticons the accuracy of facial expression recognition was higher in the aligned condition than in the misaligned condition, there was not significant differences between these two conditions in the case of the simple emoticons. It suggests that the higher the level of elaboration of features in emoticons, the stronger the effect of the holistic processing.
Abstract
Attractive faces are important visual stimuli that capture people’s attention and influence how people interact with others. Many studies have explored the visual perceptual features that affect facial attractiveness, one of which is spatial frequency information. The face information is processed independently according to the spatial frequency band. The high frequency (HF) information includes the local characteristics of face such as eyes, nose, and mouth, while the low frequency (LF) information includes the global (or holistic) characteristics. Previous studies have explored the relationship between spatial frequencies and attractiveness by identifying specific spatial frequency bands that have a dominant influence on perceived attractiveness; however, the relationship is still unclear and has not been fully studied. Whereas most studies agree that LF plays the more important role in the perception of male facial attractiveness, there is still controversy over female facial attractiveness. This controversy may be due to limitations of previous studies' research methodologies, such as not isolating HF and taking indirect measures when assessing facial attractiveness. The purpose of the current study is to examine systematically which spatial frequency information plays the more key role in the perception of female facial attractiveness. In a preliminary experiment, participants were asked to rate the attractiveness of female faces applied to HF or LF filters. Based on the results, we divided face stimuli into four categories: (a) beauty condition for faces that received a high rating score in both HF and LF images, (b) normal condition for faces that received low scores in both HF and LF images, (c) HF beauty condition for faces with high HF low LF scores, and (d) LF beauty condition for faces with low HF scores and high LF scores. In experiment 1, participants were asked to rate the attractiveness of hybrid images in which the HF-filtered image and the LF-filtered image of a single face overlapped. The results showed that perceived attractiveness for HF beauty condition was higher than for LF beauty condition (beauty > HF beauty > LF beauty > normal condition). In experiment 2, real photo images of each beauty category were employed as stimuli, and results were consistent with experiment 1. The results of both experiments indicate that HF information has a stronger influence than LF information in the perception of female facial attractiveness.
Abstract
Previous studies comparing the effects of looming stimuli and receding stimuli on time perception show conflicting results. In this study, the presentation time of static stimuli was manipulated instead of dynamic stimuli, considering that it is difficult to control size, speed, and presentation time of stimuli simultaneously. Temporal comparison tasks were employed to minimize the possible involvement of confounding variables in the response stage. In addition, the size of the static stimuli was manipulated in order to examine the possibility that the size of the stimuli might influence. Experimental results show that the perceived time increases in the looming stimuli compared to the receding stimuli, and that the direction of the stimuli affects the time perception.
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate individual differences in reading compound noun phrases composed of 5 or 6 nouns with or without inter-word spaces. Participants were assessed on morphological knowledge, spelling recognition, dictation, and author recognition. A principal component analysis for the test scores revealed two principal components: PC1 for overall reading proficiency, and PC2 for spelling-meaning profile. During the experimental session, participants were asked to judge whether compound phrases on the screen had a plausible meaning or not. The results showed clear individual differences in inter-word spacing effects. For real compound phrases, participants with a lower PC2 score showed larger inter-word spacing effects compared with participants with a higher PC2 score. For pseudo-compound phrases, significant interactions between inter-word spacing and PC1 as well as PC2 were also found, suggesting that individual variations in lexical qualities modulated the inter-word spacing effects.