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Vol.35 No.3
Abstract
Traditionally, researchers have used rating accuracy and rater bias (severity, centrality, and randomness) as individual-level indicators of rating quality. While these have been studied mostly for expert raters, research on whether evaluation capacity is domain-general over two or more different tasks is lacking. Thus, we investigated the two indicators in the context of undergraduate raters. In two studies, undergraduates scored outputs from a verbal-linguistic task and a visual-spatial task. The results showed that proficient students in one domain are also likely to be proficient in the other in terms of rating accuracy and the use of rating scale. In addition, students with lower rating accuracy were more significantly affected by the difference between domains compared to more accurate students. We also discuss the implications and limitations of our findings on measuring student evaluation capacity.
Abstract
This paper examines the process of understanding referential expressions in language games using the LCA model (Usher & McClelland, 2001). In particular, we focused on the difference between size and color adjectives and tried to find out whether the model could explain the difference in their processing. In Experiment 1, the saccadic latency of size and color adjectives were compared using Sedivy’s (1999) experimental paradigm and it was verified that the difference in latency was related to the information input parameter of the LCA model. Experiments 2 and 3 figured out how contrast affects the saccadic latency of size and color adjectives and verified that the difference in latency was related to the lateral inhibition parameter of the model. This study replicated the results of previous studies and showed that the difference in processing time between the two adjectives is related to the input parameter, whereas the difference in display is related to the lateral inhibition parameter. Along with the significance of the study, the limitations of the analysis and the future direction of research on adjective processing were suggested.
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the parabrachial nucleus represent aversive information from diverse sensory modalities and signal a general alarm to the forebrain. All of the studies commonly found that CGRP stimulation increased freezing behavior among multiple defensive behaviors. However, it is unclear whether CGRP neurons can induce adaptive defensive behaviors that are relevant to specific threat circumstances. In this study, we optogenetically activated CGRP neurons when Calca-Cre mice received one of two aversive stimuli during Pavlovian fear conditioning: 1) an electrical footshock, 2) a chasing robot which mimicked an imminent predator-like threat. Our results showed that CGRP activation elevated freezing responses after the conventional conditioning with the footshock. On the other hand, the same CGRP manipulation increased flight responses after the conditioning with the chasing robot. Thus, these results clearly indicate that CGRP neurons can coordinate multiple defensive behaviors, including both freezing and flight, in order to adaptively respond to different types of threats.
Abstract
This research investigated the influence of syllables at each position in Korean words on visual word recognition. A total of 406 noun words (203 trisyllabic and 203 quad-syllabic) were presented in a visual lexical decision task. Linear mixed-effects models were employed, with token frequency of syllables at each position, root frequency, word frequency, and suffix frequency as predictor variables. The analysis revealed a significant facilitative effect of the token frequency of the first syllable on word recognition for both trisyllabic and quad-syllabic words. Additionally, word frequency had a significant effect on trisyllabic words, while root frequency, fourth syllable frequency, and suffix frequency showed significant effects on quad-syllabic words. The facilitating effect of the token frequency of the first syllable was discussed in relation to orthographic and phonological representation of Korean syllables. Furthermore, the divergent results based on word length were discussed from the perspective of the hybrid processing hypothesis of multimorphemic words.
Abstract
Studies using the event-related potentials(ERP) in detection of concealed information were reviewed. First, this study described the concept of ERP and the characteristics of P300. There is a description of P300 as a cortical signal of the recognition of meaningful information. This attribute was applied directly to concealed information detection in the P300-based concealed information test protocol. Important results were reviewed in regard to P300-based concealed information test and P300-based complex trial protocol in previous studies. This study examined the effect of countermeasures in P300-based lie detection. In addition, this study examined previous studies of several components such as N200, late positive potential(LPP), late posterior negativity(LPN), feedback-evoked ERP, medial frontal negativity(MFN) in detection of concealed information. Future directions for detection of concealed information using ERP were suggested in order to detect deception with more accuracy.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine how arousal of task-irrelevant negative emotions affect spatial and visual working memory, and furthermore, whether the effects of negative emotions can be regulated. To do so, Participants were repeatedly presented with three high-arousal or low-arousal negative distractors while performing a spatial (Study 1) or visual working memory task (Study 2). The results showed that low-arousal negative emotions did not affect performance on the spatial working memory task, but repeated exposure to high-arousal negative distractors interfered with performance on the spatial working memory task. To further examine the affective habituation effect over time, we split the trials in half, and found that the interference effect remained intact for accuracy, but disappeared in the later trials for reaction time. These results suggest that affective habituation from repeated exposure may have different effects on accuracy and reaction time. In contrast, visual working memory performance was unaffected by negative distractors. These results support the claim that the interference is due to the high arousal caused by negative emotion and show that the interference effect is not easily modulated by repeated exposure to high-arousal stimuli. Furthermore, by showing different effect of emotion on visual and spatial working memory, this study suggests that visual and spatial working memory are distinct.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the syllable transposition effect observed in Korean visual word recognitionalso occurs during sentence reading. Furthermore, another goal was to ascertain if the syllable transposition effect can be modulated by sentential context. To this end, we manipulated variables of the syllable conversion and the word predictability to examine eye movement measures for target nonwords with syllable conversion. Sixty subjects participated in the experiment, and their eye movements were recorded while reading. The results showed syllable transposition effects in the pattern of shorter fixation durations for the syllable-transposed nonwords than for the syllable-substituted nonwords in both gaze duration and regression path duration, and an interaction effect in which the syllable transposition effect was larger in the condition of greater word predictability. These results suggest the importance of syllable representation in Korean visual word recognition and imply that word recognition is influenced by sentence context.
Abstract
In the picture-word interference task, the target picture is presented with the distractor word. Participants should quickly name the target picture while ignoring the distractor word (e.g., name ‘apple’ for a picture of an apple). In Experiment 1, we examined the influence of the semantic relatedness of the distractor word on target processing using Korean stimuli. As a result of the experiment, we observed the semantic interference effect, whereby the naming time of the target picture was longer when the distractor word was semantically related to the target picture compared to when it was unrelated. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the semantic relatedness and frequency of the distractor word to examine the influence of distractor word frequency on the semantic interference effect. The results showed that the naming time of the target picture was longer for the related distractor than for the unrelated distractor (semantic interference effect). Additionally, the naming time was longer for the low frequency distractor than for the high frequency distractor (frequency effect). There was no interaction between the semantic relatedness and frequency of the distractor word. The semantic interference effect was significant in both frequency conditions, and did not vary according to frequency. These findings provide support for non-competitive theories, which suggest that interferences occur at the post-lexical response output level.