This paper examines the scientific foundation of indigenous and cultural psychology. First, the author outlines the positivistic model adopted by general and cross-cultural psychology and their inherent limitations in explaining psychological phenomena. Second, the author outlines the transactional model of science that aliows us to examine the intentional, meaningful, and generative aspects of human functioning. Third, the author provides an analysis of culture and the need to examine three aspects of culture: ecology, epistemology, and phenomenology. The author traces human adaptation to our ecological condition and social changes during the past centuries that provide a greater understanding and control over our ecological context. In addition, the author briefly traces the development of Western civilization, focusing specifically on Judeo-Christian ideology and liberal philosophy. Confucian philosophy is outlined as a descriptive model to understand East Asian self and human relationship. Also, social changes that occurred in East Asia and the limitations of using Confucian philosophy in explaining human behavior is outlined. Finally, the importance of phenomenology in describing and understanding culture is articulated.
The present paper articsilated that my personal academic experiences in doing cultural and Korean psychology during last 20 years have been integrated into the framework of cultural or indigenous psychology. What I and my colieagues have done is to find the psychological characteristics of the Korean people and develop them into psychological concept. For example, they are Cheong, Han, Shimcheong, Weness, Chemyon, Noonchi, and so on. In addition, I would like to argue that psychology and culture are not considered a different dimension explaining for psychological phenomena. Thus, we are facing the challenges of constructing the theory of the Korean psychology.
The purpose of this paper is (1) to review the diverse suggestions about parenting behaviors based on the developmental approach over the past few years, (2) to explicate the characteristics of a parent-child reationship in Korean family through the cross-cultural perspectives, and (3) to discuss the observable changing patterns of a parent-child relationship in postmodern society. According to the written records the characteristic of a parent-child relationship in Korean family was still summarized 'Om bu-Ja mo'. It means strict father, benevolent mother. Devotion to child is a very important element in both father and mother in Korean society. Korean mother shows her devotion to child through indulgence. In a father-child relationship, devotion is complemented with strictness. The general pattern of parenting in Korean family is similiar with the mixed type of authoritative & authoriatiran attitude. Interestingly core concept sustaining the parent-child relationship have not changed significantly, although social change has radically altered the social ecology in Korea in recent years. This paper concluded The traditional features and mechanisms of a parent-child relationship such as filial piety, parent-child attachment, parent-child oneness still remain strong and influence pervasively over the generations in Korean family.
The purpose of this article to examine Koreans' conception of achievement and attributional style and their behavioral correlates using the indigenous psychologies approach. This article reviews the following three areas: (1) indigenous Korean psychology, (2) Korean conception of success, failure, and future aspirations, and (3) developmental trend in attributional style. In the first section, theoretical rationale and research methodology of the indigenous Korean psychology will be outlined. Secondly, the results of empirical studies of achievement indicate that both students and adults attribute their success to self-regulation (e.g., effort, persistence, and diligence). For students, parental support, especially emotional support, were reported as being important factor contributing to their success. The results indicate that parents play to an important contributing role in their children success. Maintaining a harmonious family relationship and interpersonal relations were important future aspiration mentioned by students and especially by adulcs. For attributional style, both students and adults scored high on effort attribution. In Korea, effort was correlated to internal self-regulation factor, while ability was correlated to external uncontrollable factor (such as fare and luck). Individuals who had high achievement levels were more likely to score higher effort and were more likely to be influenced by their parent and teachers. Existing Western theories have difficulties explaining the pattern of results obtained in Korea and the indigenous Korean psychology can more accurately describe and explain the psychological and behavioral aspects of achievement and attributional style.
Drawing upon the cases collected from 2 companies, this study attempts to identify the bases of trust which the workers have in their superiors. 13 trust bases and 12 distrust bases were elicited from 580 and 430 cases, respectively. Most of the bases seemed to be characterized by a exchange of activated inner-mind between the workers and their superiors. When the pairing of bases between trust and distrust were done in terms of their concent similarity, most of the bases were paired with two opposite polars of a diimension, but each dimension appeared to make more contribution to generating either trust or distrust. Finally, the implications, limitations, and directions for future research that the results of this study would have were discussed.
In business and the academic world, they usually try to understand consumer behavior by considering the interaction between the consumers and environment. It is the reason that there is the constant interaction between the consumers and market environment. After the industrialization, korean companies were only concentrated on production. But they started paying more attention to consumers since mid and late 80's. At that time, the competition among companies had been accelerating due to the development of science and technology. Then the companies and scholars regarded consumers as information-processors and adopted the positivist way of research because the consumers had to consume as rationally as possible with their limited income. But the radical change of social, economic and cultural environments such as the increase of income, appearance of internet and entrance of global companies into the domestic market occurred as we entered 21st century. The companies and academic world wanted to know what the changed market environment is and what the psychological and behavioral characteristics of the consumers who interact with that environment. For that reason, this research chvides the research subject of consumer and advertising psychology into six categories of advertising perception, the measurement of advertising effect, rationality and impulsiveness of purchasing behavior, the consumption area such as goods buying behavior and service using behavior, the cultural influence on consumer behavior, and consumption space. Then we will propose the context and new directions of research.
This article summarizes the media guidelines and die laws of the USA that are explicitly purported to protect the fairness of criminal trials and discuss from the psychological point of view whether similar laws and guidelines would be effectively implemented in the Korean system of justice.
The number of pedestrian fatalities in traffic accidents continues to remain at approximately 40% of the total number of traffic accident fatalities in the absence of sufficient traffic safety facilities and traffic safety education. The pedestrian accidents fatalities in the national road are over 40% of the total pedestrian accident fatalities, and the pedestrian accidents fatalities by bus and truck are serious situation. Approximately 70% of pedestrian accidents are occurring due to pedestrian's arbitrary road crossing. By analysising the traffic behaviors of pedestrians and drivers, it becomes clear that the main accident causality is the pedestrian's arbitrary road crossing and that the pedestrian accidents fatalities by truck are about 40% of pedestrian accidents Multifaced measures must be devised because of the fact that the ratio of pedestrian fatalities due to traffic accidents reflects the level of the traffic cultures of one country.
Recent statistics revealed that, similar to other advanced countries, cardiovascular diseases and cancer became the most leading causes of death in Korea. Recent studies also suggest that emotions such as anger and/or depression are the most important psychological factors to these critical diseases. The present article explored the applicability of foreign studies on the relations between emotion and health to Korean culture, and is divided into three sections: (1) emotion and health, (2) culture and emotion, and finally (3) emotion, health, and culture. The analysis revealed that anger appears to be an important psychological factor to cardiovascular diseases, whereas depression to cancer. With respect to culture and emotion, people tend to experience anger less frequently and express anger more inwardly in collectivist or interdependent culture than in individualistic or independent culture. Finally, anger-in is more likely associated with cardiovascular diseases in individualistic or independent culture, whereas anger-out is more likely related with cardiovascular diseases in collectivist or interdependent culture. These analyses, reflecting cultural similarities and differences on the relations between emotion and health, suggest a careful application of foreign studies on this issue to Korean culture.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the psycho-social characteristics of the interpersonal relationship of Korean adults by reviewing the historical and philosophical background of Korean society, the collectivist-individualist perspective on interpersonal behavior, and the results from several empirical researches on this issue. The Confucianism as a governing philosophy of the Chosun Dynasty critically affected to Korean people on their value system, behavioral norm etc. One of the main ideas of the ideology was human heartedness(interpersonal relationship). Korean society was classified as a typical collectivist culture and it was identified by the results of several empirical studies. The purpose and function of the association of alumni of Korea showed more collectivist tendency in comparison with those of America. But several recent researches found that Korean people like to have individualist characteristics and to form a new style group which can be worked in the cyber space. The results of these studies concluded that the value system and cultural norm of Korean society have begun to move toward individualist and more liberal. The issue regarding social change was suggested as a research subject of (community) psychologist.