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- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.3
Abstract
This paper critically ermines previous works on global and local information processing. Navon (1977,1991) proposed the principle of global precedence: Global information of hierarchically constructed stimuli is always processed faster than is local one. Subsequent studies have shown a variety of perceptual conditions which constrain global precedence and its opposite (local precedence). Attentional factors have also been found to be influential. Modes of precedence are shown to be modulated by stimulus characteristics such as number of elements, stimulus type g., Pomerantz, 1983), and stimulus attributes (Kim, 1990). Whereas some of recent works are concerned with nature of global / local processing, recent models do not seem to be specific enough to be predictive of precedence patterns. As of now, precedence research has some con ceptual, methodological, as well as theoretical limitations. To resolve these and other problems, precedence phenomena should be more anaytically approached with specific conceptual frameworks. A new perspective is proposed in regard to Gestalt tradition. Other related approaches are also considered in this paper.
Abstract
The one purpose of present study was to examine whether dopamine system is involved in the stress-induced stomach ulceration in mice and the other purpose was to show how attenuation of ulcer by isolation-rearing relates to dopamine system, L-dopa treated animals revealed significantly lower ulceration score than that of saline treatment animals, whereas haloperidol treated animals showed higher ulceration score than saline group in both isolation-reared animals and peer-reared animals. Compared with peer-rearing group, isolation-rearing reduced significantly the development of ulcer in L-dopa, saline, and haloperidol treatment. There was a similar ulceration score between L-dopa treated peer group and haloperidol treated isolation group. The results support our previous findings that catecholamine activity is elevated abnormally by isolation-rearing.
Abstract
The present study examined the role of medial septum in the acquisition and peformance of conditioned fear in rats. Two experiments were conducted in the modified light/dark choice procedure. On the first training day, each animal was enclosed in the dark compartment and given a series of 3 footshocks at 20 ses intervals. During the second testing day, the animals were placed in the light compartment and allowed to choose the 2 compartment for 10 minutes. In Experiment 1, the infusion of lidocaine into the medial septum before testing decreased the latency to enter into the dark compartment and increased the time spent by rats in the dark compartment. In Experiment 2, the infusions of diazepam and β-CCM into the medial septum before testing decreased the latency to cross into the dark box. So, the mediating role of medial septal benzodiazepine receptors in the conditioned fear was uncertain. It may be the case that medial septum is much involved in the performance of conditioned fear. It is also suggested that the functional blockade of medial septum reduced anxiety through a disinhibition of the inhibitory avoidance following aversive conditioning.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the depth representation for a bilaterally processed binocular stimulus. In the first experment, the magnitude of perceived depth was measured to see whether the stereoscopic depth would vary systematically as a function of the sign and magnitude of binocular disparity. In the second experiment, the stereoscopic depth of a bilaterally processed stimulus was compared with that of a unilaterally processed stimulus to test the effect of fusion or the resolution of depth, results show that perceived depth of a bilaterally processed stimulus change as a monotonic function of its binocular disparity although it produce double images. When a monocular stimulus was unilaterally presented, the subject perceived it as being farther than referential fixation point regardless of the target position relative to the fixation point, and the perceived depth of the target was maximum when it was located near the fixation point. In conclusion, the result implies that our visual system must have a certain nonfusional stereopsis mechanism which can correctly represent the depth of a bilaterally processed object in 3-dimensional space.
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dopamine(10㎍), haloperidol(10㎍) and saline injected bilaterally into the central amygdala. After drug treatment the rats were immobilized individually in supine-restraint devicers at 4℃ for 3hr. The results were as follows: DA had an attenuating effect on gastric ulcers, but haloperidol had and aggravating effect. These results indicate the central amygdala is important in the mediation of the ulcer attenuating effect of dopamine.
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of encoding-retrieval compatibility and cohesiveness of pictorial materials on memory of descriptive information of parts with two types of pictorial materials : whole plicture (whose parts are contiguous to each other and make a meaningful whole) and part picture (whose parts are not contiguous to each other nor make a meaningful whole). Previous studies showed that non-cohesive picture(part picture) were better than cohesive picture (whole picture) in memory of descriptive information of parts. However, Kim (1985) showed no effects of pictorial cohesiveness on memory of descriptive information of parts when the encoding-retrieval compatibilities of whole group (who learned the whole picture) and part group (who learned the part picture) were controlled to be the same. Kim (1985) controlled the encoding-retrieval compatibility by manipulating the retrieval condition. The present study replicated the results of Kim(1985) controlling the encoding-retrieval compatibility by the manipulation of the encoding condition. With the results the effects of encoding-retrieval campatibility and cohesiveness of pictorial materials on memory are discussed.
Abstract
This study was conducted to answer the question of whether anterior insular gustatory neocortex(AIGN) is critically involved in the acquisition and extinction of conditioned taste aversion(CTA) induced by LiCl in the rat. In experiment 1, a CTA was produced by pairing 0.2% saccharin solution CS with 0.15M LiCl US in the normal experimental group. In experiment 2, rats lacking AIGN, rats lacking somatic gustatory neocortex(SGN) and sham-operated rats were presented saccharin solution followed immediately by LiCl injection. When tested for CTA, in test trial 1 all subjects of 3 groups showed good acquisition but in test trial 2, 3, 4, rats lacking AIGN showed a faster extintion compared to ones lacking SGN and sham-operated ones. In experiment 3, saccharin solution CS was followed 30 minutes by LiCl. Rats lacking AIGN showed CTA acquisition deficit in test trial 1 and showed a faster extinction in test trial 2, 3, 4. The results indicate that AIGN is involved in the acquisition and extinction of taste aversion learning.
Abstract
This study explored whether or not the internal structure of a category representation can be changed by the prior context. In a preliminary survey, natural categories were divided into two groups of categories, internal or external category, as proposed by Barr & Caplan(1987). In Experiment 1, interactions between context and category types were examined by manipulating con: text conditions: typical, atypical, and control. Experiment 2 examined whether or not the typicality gradedness can be reversed in both types of categories. These experiments showed that the internal category maintained more stable structure than did the external category. Experiment 3 explored the differences between the internal and the external category in the activation processes of internal and external features. Color-naming time was not changed by context manipulations but by its typicality in the internal category. In contrast, color-naming time was influenced by context manipulations after some delay in the external category. This study suggests that category representation has stable internal structures, as opposed to previous studies which reported prevailing contextual effects.
Abstract
In this study, interactions among hippocampal θ rhythm, hippocampal MUA, and dopamine pathway that ascends to medial septum from brain stem reticular formation was investigated. First, rabbit`s NMR were conditioned with delay conditioning procedure. In extinction session, the one group(apomorphine group) was treated with apomorphine(0.5mg/kg) which was known to be dopamine agonist. The other group(lesioned group) was lesioned medial septum after delay conditioning and was treated as the former group. The control group was extincted conditioned response without any other procedures. There were increses of type 1 θ rhythm only in apomorphine group, but a little conditioned response in contrast to any other group. This result suggest that the apomorphine brought about type 1 hippocampal θ rhythm and kept conditioned response from being retrieve rather than being extincted.
Abstract
Using mental rotation paradigm, the present study examined underlying mechanisms of how Korean words are being processed. In Experiment 1, by varying visual complexity of words using 2- to 4-character words, mono-syllabic words wers rotated and presented from various angles at random and lexical decision times were compared. The results showed that regardless of lexicality and the degree of rotation, words of fewer characters were decided faster. This evidence supports the argument that mono-syllabic Korean words are being processed in a piecemeal fashion. In Experiment 2, same tasks were given to the subjects with words of 2- to 4-syllables. Here, words that contained more syllables took longer to decide. This finding was similar with the first experiment supporting piecemeal type processing of multi-syllabic Korean words. Previous research have argued that size of mental image to be processed can also influence decision times in spatial tasks such as mental rotation. To exclude the possibilty of such a factor, Experiment 3 controlled visual angle of 3- and 4-syllabic words by varying the physical size of each syllable. Still, the latency pattern was comparable to that of Experiment 2 which supports an analog-type processing in Korean words. Directions of further research and limitations of the present work were also discussed.
Abstract
The red nucleus and the cerebellar interpositus nucleus were successively investigated in terms of multiple plastic structures mediating the classical conditioning of the rabbit`s nictitating membrane response (NMR). In experiment 1, monopolar tungsten stimulating electrodes and low-impedance monopolar tungsten recording microelectrodes were chronically implanted into the red nucleus and the interpositus nucleus respectively. All animals were trained with delay conditioning paradigm. In order to investigate any involvment of the red nucleus in the conditioning of NMR, animals of the experimental group were trained with the tone conditioned stimulus (CS) (400msec, 1kHz, 85dB, sine wave) and unconditioned stimulus (US) consisted of the electrical stimulation of the red nucleus (100msec, 400Hz, pulse width 0.1msec, 60~150㎂) and simultaneous corneal airpuff(100msec, 100g/cm<sup>2</sup>) in the five aquisition sessions. In two successive extinction sessions, the animals were trained with the tone CS and the electrical stimulation US of the red nucleus alone. Animals of the control group were trained with the tone CS and the corneal airpuff US in the same aquisition sessions and with the tone CS alone in the same extinction sessions. Results showed that the electrical stimulation US of the red nucleus neither facillitates the learning rate in the aquistion stage nor maintains the conditioned response(CR) in the extinction stage. It may be concluded that the red nucleus is a mere output structure and is not an essential one in the neural network mediating the conditioning of NMR. Multiple unit activity(MUA) recorded from the cerebellar interpositus nucleus was processed to 16msec-bin histogram and the NMR was averaged in each session. The averaged NMR was highly correlated with the histogram and the histogram of MUA preceded the averaged NMR. This supports the previous reports that the cerebellar interpositus nucleus may be the neural substrate of the conditioning of NMR. In experiment 2, stimulating electrodes and recording microelectrodes were chronically implanted into the cerebellar interpositus nucleus and the red nucleus respectively. All training methods were identical with the experiment 1, except for exchanging the stimulating target structure for the recording one. Results showed that the electrical stimulation US of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus severely retarded the aqusition of the CR. It is concluded that the cerebellar interpositus nucleus may be a structure of plasticity included in an essential neural network mediating the conditioning of NMR. Possible interpretations of the result, concerning the side effect of the electrical stimulation and the function of the inferior olive-cerebellar cortex-interpositus nucleus-inferior olive recurrent loop, are discussed.
Abstract
Two experiments were designed to test a processing load hypothesis and a strategies hypothesis on the nature of asymmetric and / or no transfer effects between similar problems (e.g., Reed, Ernst & Banerji, 1974: Gick & Holyoak, 1980). Using a missionary-cannibal and a jealous husband-wife problem, we obtained results that supports the predictions derived from the strategies hypothesis. Unlike previous work, we also found a symmetric transfer effect between these two problems.
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine whether diazepam and lorazepam acting on benzodiazepine receptors have any effect on the expression of fear in potentiated startle, whether or not yohimbine which acts in α2-adrenergic receptors and increases norepinphine in central nervous system have any role, and how pretreatment of diazepam or lorazepam influences the yohimbine`s effect. Ten conitioning trials, in which light was paired with shock(1.0mA), were presented on each of two successive training days, and on the following day each of six groups were injected respectively saline(0.1cc/kg), diazepam(1.25mg/kg), lorazepam(1.25mg/kg), yohimbine(0.25mg/kg), yohimbine after diazepam, and yohimbine after lorazepam before measuring the startle responses. Results showed that the saline-injected animals exhibit higher startle response than only in the presence of startle stimulus(intense auditory stimulus) when they were presented light and startle stimulus, but the response magnitude was less than that of yohimbine-injected animals. For diazepam group, lorazepam group, and yohimbine-added group, the animals did not show potentiated startle response. Taken together, yohimbine increases norepinephine in central nervous system and elicits fear easily while diazepam and lorazepam inhibit fear.
Abstract
This study performed three experiments with purposes of (i) analyzing the interactive effects of provision of the function name of task part, nature of the task and presentation period with the claimed recall superiority of experts compared to novices, (ii) examining the validity of image representation independent to the conceptual chunking, and (iii) revealing the details of expertise knowledge structure using the 'ordered' tree diagram technique. Experiment 1 employed the mixed factorial design of skill level(.expert-advanced technicians-novice) x task meanigfulness(meaningful task - nonsense task) x function name of task park (function name of total task set - function name of task subset - no provision) and Experiment 2 used another mixed factional design of skill level(expert-novice) x configuration pattern of study task(normal pattern-altered pattern) x presentation period(5 sec-15 sec), all using the task of electrical circuit drawings. Experiment 3 had the mixed factorial design of skill levels(ex pert-advanced programer-novice) x function name of task part(subset function name-no provision). Results obtained were (i) experts were superior in recall compared to their counterparts, ( ii ) experts recall superiority occurred only for the meaningul or normal patterned task, which was noted as indicating the image representation independent to the conceptual chunkings, (iii) the presentation of function name of task part seemed to have positive effects for recall, particularly when presented at the study phase, and (iv) experts knowledge structure were inferred to be better integrated and coherent and more differentiated and elaborated compared to the novices. But surprisingly no difference was found between expert and advanced technicians, which was discussed with the two-stage hypothesis of 'how' and 'what contents' of knowledge structure.
Abstract
When compound CS is paired with sickness which is US, salient CS potentiates rather than overshadows nonsalient CS in taste aversion learning. The aim of this study was to elucidate, by means of dexamethsone, the cause of the potentiation phenomena. In experiment 1, by administering dexamethasone to rats before aversive conditioning, aversion to saccharin was weakened in comparison with control group. The result suggests that dexamethasone reduces fear under the stress situation. In experinemt 2, weakened aversion to saccharin was reversed when dexamethasone was not administered. This means that the effect of dexamethasone is transient. It is supposed that if a treatment influences associative process of learning, the effect of the treatment should be relatively permanent. And the effect of dexamethasone is not permanent. Therefore, it is considered that dexamethasone is irrelevant to associative process. In experiment 3, experimental group was aversively conditioned with saccharin and almond, and control group was with almond alone. Then, dexamethasone was administered to both group. The outcome was that general aversion reduction resulted in, and potentiation effect disappeared, too. Thus, it is difficult to say that potentiation effet results from the difference of associative strength between groups. Rather, it is more related with fear.
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the characteristics of sensory information produced by capsaicin in the tongue. Activities of the chorda tympani(CN) and lingual nerves(LN) were recorded while taste stimuli and capsaicin were being applied topically, and capsaicin and algesics were being injected intra-arterially to the tongue of cats anesthetized with α-chloralose. Responses of the CN fibers to topically applied capsaicin were correlated with those to taste stimuli and intre-arterially injected algesics. Responses of the CN fibers to intra-arterially applied capsaicin were correlated with those to topically applied capsaicin and intra-arterially injected algesics. Responses of the LN fibers to topically applied capsaicin were correlated with those to intra-arterially injected algesics. Responses of the LN fibers to intra-arterially aplied capsaicin were correlated with those to topically applied capsaicin and intra-arterially injected algesics. These results suggest that capsaicin provoke taste as well as pain sensation in the tongue. Taste information produced by capsaicin is conveyed to the brain via the CN and pain information via the LN. However, the possibility that pain information may be conveyed via the CN can not be excluded.
Abstract
This study was an attempt to examine hippocampal lesion effets on the performance of configural discrimination task in the Y-maze. In experiment 1, the subjects were 16 naive male Sprague Dawley rats. Half of the animals were randomly assigned to hippocampal lesioned group, and the other to sham-operated control group. Two groups were trained in the simple discrimination task for five days. Hippocampal lesion group was able to learn simple discrimination task at a level similar to that of control group. In experiment 2, the subjects were 16 naive male Sprague Dawley rats. Half of the animals were randomly assigned to hippocampal lesioned group, and the other half to sham-operated control group. Two groups were trained in the configural discrimination task for seven days. In this task, control group was able to learn configural discrimination but hippocampal group was not. Cognitive mapping theory and working memory theory were difficult to explain the results because these tasks were required taxon system and reference memory. These results might be interpreted by the configural association theory of Sutherland and Rudy(1989).
Abstract
The present paper proposes some considerations for efficient Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) from the viewpoint of cognitive psychology. Especially, regarding the interaction between Human and Computer as a kind of human inforrraation processing, the considerations for efficient HCI are discussed from the viewpoint of Inner-Outer Compatibility (Kim, 1985 : Kim, 1986b, 1991), which was suggested as a conceptual framework for explaining human information processing in general.
Abstract
The present study demonstrated that fear-potentiated startle is blocked by bilateral lesions of the amygdala and that yohimbine increases fear-potentiated startle response. But yohimbine administration after central amygdaloid lesion didn't increase potentiated startle. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that amygdala is involved in fear conditioning because potentiated startle is a measure of conditioned fear. 26 rats were given 10 light-shock pairings on two successive days. On the next day, 13 rats received bilateral radio frequency(RF) lesion of the central nucleus of the amygdala. The rest of the rats were tested for potentiated startle(increased acoustic startle in the presence of the light previously paired with shock). Yohimbine was administered to 7 rats in the operated group and not to the other 6 rats. Yohimbine administration after central amygdaloid lesion didn't increase potentiated startle. Results support that the amygdala(and perhaps more specifically the central nucleus), which has been implicated in the modulation of a number of fear conditioning paradigms, is involved for performance of the potentiated startle response.
Abstract
This study was to provide basic norms of Korean natural categories. In the first part, an exemplar production frequency norm was constructed. In the second part, typicality norm was established following the procedures employed by Rosch & Mervis(1975). In the third part, defining features of each category were listed, and estimates(Ws) reflecting dependency of each category on external features were also calculated. This study provides not only basic materials to psychology and related areas but also bases for further study of the internal structure of Korean natural categories.
Abstract
The cerebellar lobule HVI was investigated in terms of plastic structure mediating the classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response(NMR). In experiment 1, animals were received tone stimulus(80㏈, 1㎑, sine wave, without white noise) continually during the intertrial interval(ITI). The tone stimulus was turned off during the CS period. This withdrawal of tone stimulus was adopted as <TEX>${\bar{CS}}$</TEX>. Animals received the <TEX>${\bar{CS}}$</TEX> and corneal airpuff US parings in delay conditioning paradigm rapidly reached criterion like animals received CS-US pairings. Moreover, the electrolytic leisions of the interpositus nucleus selectively disrupted the CR aquired by <TEX>${\bar{CS}}$</TEX>-US pairings. The result suggests that this type of conditioning is mediated by the cerebellum as well and the cerebellum can associate the changes of stimuli itself. In addition, there was no transfer effect between <TEX>${\bar{CS}}$</TEX>-US and CS-US learning. The findings are discussed in terms of the convergence of the climbing and the mossy fibers on the Purkinje cells and the associative functions of the cerebellar neural network. In experiment 2, the long ISI was adopted(800msec CS duration, delay conditioning paradigm) in order to investigated the timing regulation function of the cerebellar cortex on motor learning. After the NMR conditioning(<TEX>${\bar{CS}}$</TEX>-US, group1 and CS-US, group2) reached the criterion, the cerebellar lobule HVI was electrolytically lesioned with four electrodes. The result showed that the CR was reduced about 50% in both groups and the effects were due to the disruption of timing regulation of the CR onset. Results indicated that the cerebellar lobule HVI is essential for the timing regulation of the CR onset. However, to understand the detailed neural mechanism of the conditioning of NMR, it was suggested that neural network approach including several structures resided in the cerebellum and in the brain stem(especially inferior olive) is more desirable than finding only one essential structure approach.
Abstract
An inexpensive design of 'window discriminator' for capturing neuronal spike events is described. The design included voltage comparison, generation of one-shot pulse, counting and storing pulses for computer interface. Realizing the design costed approximately 150 US dollars.
Abstract
Recently, personal computer in generally used for various psychological experiments. These experiments usually are needed to control time with unit of millisecond in measuring response time, controlling stimulus presentation, etc. There are a number of means to control time in personal computer, this study show the interrupt method that experimenters con control and measure real time in IBM personal computer without preventing current user's works. This method was programmed with C language using Turbo C 2.0 compiler.
Abstract
This report introduces the stabilimeter with a loudspeaker which measures startle reaction induced intense auditory stimulus or air puff. This apparatus provides high sensitivity, good reproductivity and a wide range of utilization(rat and mice). Also a device that elicits the statle reaction by auditory stimulus and a computer's interface that records and analyses the startle responses are introduced.