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- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.9 No.2
Abstract
The current study was planed to examine the effects of word length on visual word recognition. Linguistically, word length can be defined by several sublexical units like visual features, letters, phonemes, syllables, and morphemes. In order to investigate which units are used in visual word recognition, the immediate and delayed naming tasks were used. If a sublexical unit affects the immediate naming time but not the delayed naming time, then it means that this sublexical unit influences only the prearticulatory processes. And if word length interacts with word frequency(which is known to have an effect on lexical access), it can be inferred that word length influences lexical access. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 showed that visual features, letters, phonemes, and syllables have effects on the prearticulatory processes in naming words and word length interacts with word frequency. These results are consistent with the prediction of the hierarchical model in visual word recognition and they indicate that word length has an effect on the lexical access.
Abstract
The variation in the perception of three-dimensional structures due to different types of motion was investigated. The depth perception of points on surfaces of a rigid object was best when it was in vertical rotation. When the object was in translation (ie. sidewise or approaching motion), the effect was not as clear. Hence, an assumption could be derived that this difference in effects due to motion types resulted from the nature of display patterns, of which translation only reveals limited parts of an object while vertical rotation provides dimensions of the object viewed from diverse angles. In order to further investigate the effect of rotation in the perception of three-dimensional structures, the objects were rotated around the vertical, horizontal and depth axes, and their combinations. The perception of three-dimensional structure was poorest when the object was rotated around the axis of depth in which case only limited parts of the object could be seen. The structure was more easily perceived when the object was rotated around the combinations of axes rather than the vertical or the horizontal axis alone. However, even when the object was rotated around an axis which provided information from various angles, the subjects had difficulty in distinguishing its three-dimensional structure unless the outline was provided. These results imply that different motion types and outline information of a moving object affect the perception of three-dimensional structures.
Abstract
The vividness of traditional subjective-figures and its modulated forms in such a way that the luminance of contrast-inducing elements changes gradually from their centers to the outward directions like a stimulus of Craik-O'Brien -Cornsweet type was compared to investigate the effect of local contrast on subjective contour. From this comparison, it was found that the subjective contours are more vivid in the luminance-modulated figures than the traditional ones. This finding suggests that, if a contrast-inducing element changes gradually in its luminance and becomes indistinguishable with the background at their junction, the activation of line detectors of orthogonal components at the end-cut of the contrast-inducing element is inhibited and consequently interpolating facilitation between the line detectors aligned on a line occurs more easily. However, it was also found that such effect reduces in a large scale when the contrast-inducing element has an isoluminant color. Unlike existing theories, this result suggests that color contrast between a contrast-inducing element and the background may inhibit the occurrence of a subjective contour even in the presence of luminance contrast.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of modality(auditory vs. visual) and complexity of information (high vs. low frequency) in a in-vehicle navigation system on drivers' information processing and vehicle control. In Experiment 1, the effects of information modality on free recall performance, driving performance, and subjective evaluation for the types of information were investigated. The results showed that (1) free recall performance was better in the auditory condition than in the visual condition, but (2) driving performance was better in the visual condition than in the auditory condition. In addition, (3) the drivers generally preferred visual information than auditory information. In Experiment 2, drivers' reaction time and accuracy were examined as information modality, frequency of information, and driving distance varied. The results showed as follows. (1) the drivers responded faster in the auditory information condition than in the visual condition. But (2) the auditory condition also led to increased reaction time as the amount of information increased. In contrast, (3) reaction time for the visual information increased as the driving distance increased. (4) The error rate did not appear to be affected by information modality, but a higher rate was found in the complex information condition (high frequency) and in the earlier part of driving.
Abstract
Dimension set consists of stimuli at mutually exclusive levels on attribute dimension (e.g., orientation: '(' vs. ')' ). Using dimension sets, previous studies have obtained positive repetition effects (PRE) that detection rate was higher when a target was flanked by a distractor of the same identity (i.e., repeated) than by different one (Kim & Kwak, 1990). It was suggested that PRE was caused by the efficient processing of parallelism emerging from the repeated displays (Kwak, Kim, & Park, 1993). On the contrary, in the alternative displays that a target is presented with a distractor of different identity, there emerges a good form having symmetry / closure, which can be easily detected to contribute to negative repetition effect. If a variety of stimulus properties are confounded in dimension set and they behave incongruently, it is not likely to observe consistent pattern of repetition effects. This study tried to test the effect of parallelism (Exp. 2) and good form (Exp. 3) separately. The results showed that both of parallelism and good form were not perceptually salient under tachistoscopic situation. The problems of global configuration and task were discussed in relation to dimension set and repetition effects.
Abstract
The instrument inference is a kind of knowledge-based elaborative inferences. Although most research on inference showed that elaborative inferences were not generated on-line during comprehension, they have several methodological problems in selecting experimental materials and not using the control group and appropriate on-line measures. This study was conducted to investigate whether instrument inference was generated during comprehension using various on-line measures such as lexical decision time (Experiment 1), naming time (Experiment 2), and self-paced reading time (Experiment 3). Two Experiments (Experiment 1 and Experiment 3) provided convergent evidence for on-line generation of instrument inference. The results were consistent with the prediction of elaborative position on inference.
Abstract
This research examined the possible influence of the response bias on the negative repetition effect(NRE) in the perceptually limited situation. An NRE is a phenomenon that target detection is worse in a repeated display condition than that in a nonrepeated display condition(Bjork & Murray, 1977). Eriksen, Morris, Yeh, O'Hara and Durst (1981) suggested that the NRE is caused not by an interactive inhibitory channel process (Bjork & Murray, 1977) but by the response bias to the nonrepeated stimulus displays. In Experiments la and lb, probabilities of the pseudo-target were varied to induce the participants' bias to the nonrepeated stimulus displays. The results of these esperiments, taken together, showed that the magnitudes of the NRE did not change along with the response bias to the nonrepeated display. A multiple regression analysis showed, however, that response bias explained 27% of the variance associated with the NRE. In order to examine the influence of response bias on the NRE in Experiment 2, the participants were additionally asked to perform the confidence rating of their target report. Response bias to the nonrepeated stimulus display was not observed in the low confidence responses, whereas the NRE was substantially observed in high confidence responses. The results of Experiment 2 were not consistent with the response bias hypothesis regarding the NRE.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to examine the boundary condition of self-generated bizarre imagery effect in free recall. The subjects in experiment 2 were asked to create an interaction between a pair of nouns and those in experiment 1 were given only one noun. In experiment 1 and 2 for incidental learning task, bizarre imagery increased recall when imagery type was manipulated in mixed-lists(within-lists) design but not in pure-lists(between-lists) design. In experiment 3 for intentional learning task, bizarre imagery faciliated recall in mixed-lists design but not in pate-lists design. These results indicated that bizarreness effect in self-generation procedure emerged when bizarreness was manipulated as mixed-list design.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the role of phonology in identifying words written in Hangul. Using a phrase verification task, Experiment 1 secured error rates and RTs to both phrases with pseudohomophones and phrases with spelling controls. Much higher error rate was found in the spelling controls than in the pseudohomophone phrases, even if no difference was found in the response latencies. Experiment 2 used the naming and lexical decision tasks to determine whether a pseudohomophone primes a target semantically associated with the word which is pronounced the same as the prime. Whereas no significant priming effect was found in naming task, the priming effect found in lexical decision task was significant. However, the significant priming effect was smaller that the associative priming effect. Using lexical decision task, Experiment 3 attempted to replicate the significant pseudohomophone effect found in Experiment 2, and to determine the extent to which a target is primed by a homophone with a semantic associate of the target. Neither a homophone nor a pseudohomophone primed their targets significantly. Taken together, these results lead to the conclusion that phonology plays only secondary role in Hangul word identification.
Abstract
Orthographic priming in word fragment completion was investigated when word fragment targets were initially presented briefly to the left or right hemisphere(LH or RH). The targets were orthographically-related or meaning(and orthographically)-related components of prime words. Results showed that within-modality orthographic priming was obtained only when targets were presented to the RH (Experiment 1), but neither cross-modality (Experiment 2) nor cross-font (Experiment 3) orthographic priming was obtained at any hemispheric presentation. In contrast, cross-modality and cross-font priming were obtained for meaning-related component targets at both LH and RH presentation. These findings indicate that orthographic priming effects are mediated by form-specific representations which are encoded more effectively in the RH.