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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.30 No.4
Abstract
This study investigated spatial working memory deficits in college students with attention-deficits/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits using event-related potentials (ERPs) and spatial 2-back task. Based on the scores of the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, ADHD-trait (n=31) and control (n=32) groups were selected. Participants were required to determine whether a current stimulus was in the same location as the stimulus presented 2 trials earlier. The ADHD-trait group showed significantly lower accuracy rate than the control group on the spatial 2-back task. In terms of ERPs, the ADHD-trait group exhibited significantly longer N200 latency as well as significantly smaller P300 amplitudes than the control group. The N200 and P300 components reflect the comparison of stimulus type, memory retrieval and memory updating, respectively. Therefore, the present results indicate that college students with ADHD traits have difficulties in comparison of relevant/irrelevant stimuli, memory retrieval and updating information in working memory. Results of this study further indicate that college students with ADHD traits have neurophysiological dysfunction associated with spatial working memory.
Abstract
People, who have a large difference in visual acuity between the two eyes, have trouble in binocular integration because of imbalanced interocular suppression which occurs before binocular summation (Meese, Georgeson, & Baker, 2006). To reduce imbalanced interocular suppression, the current study first compared three SED–measurement methods suggested by previous studies (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, we selected participants who had large imbalance of interocular suppression by using Xu, He, and Ooi (2012)’s method which had the highest reliability and reflected the other visual abilities better than the other methods in Experiment 1. Those who were selected participated in Experiment 3, designed to reduce imbalance of interocular suppression by using a push-pull protocol (Xu, He, & Ooi, 2010) and perceptual learning of binocular integration (Hess, Mansouri, & Thompson, 2010). We found both training methods were effective in reducing imbalance of interocular suppression. The effect of non-dominant eye-specific attention was manifested in two different ways: facilitating information processing of a non-dominant eye and suppressing a dominant eye for faster emergence of significant reduction of the interocular suppression. Our results suggest that non-dominant eye-specific attention plays a critical role in reducing imbalanced interocular suppression.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between norm-based coding and visual experience by examining race-contingent facial expression aftereffect in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study I investigated whether the race-contingent expression aftereffect takes place in 48 typically developing (TD) adults. The study II compared the performance of 16 high functioning children with ASD and 16 matched (aged and IQ) TD children. All participants were asked to judge the expression of the neutral face after adapting to the anti-expression face in both Asian and Caucasian conditions. In the study I, TD adults showed significantly larger aftereffect in same-race condition than other-race condition. In the study II, no significant interaction was found between groups and race conditions. However, ASD children showed significantly larger aftereffect than TD children regardless of race conditions. The implication and the limitation of the study is further discussed.
Abstract
Despite morphologically complex Korean word Eojeol has its own unique linguistic properties, the research interest related to this topic has been relatively little. Therefore, this study investigates the difference of the recognition process in the Korean Eojeol by significant lexical factors. Two main classes of this study which are used for experiment 1 and 2 are a noun Eojeol and the predicate (verb and adjective) Eojeol. The Eojeol decision task was performed for both experiments, and their reaction time was analyzed by multiple regression analysis. For the experiment 1 (noun Eojeol), the lexical factors of ‘whole Eojeol frequency’, ‘root frequency’, and ‘first syllable sharing frequency’ are predicted as the most effective predictors for the Eojeol recognition time. For experiment 2(the predicate Eojeol), by contrast, the ‘whole Eojeol frequency’ and ‘number of subjective meaning’ factors were predicted for the reaction time of the Eojeol recognition. With these results, we discussed the importance of its common and different significant lexical variables.
Abstract
The current study examined whether a single object repeatedly flashing on and off in place can give rise to a percept of apparent motion when it is presented adjacent to a large occluder behind which an amodal representation can be formed. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the possibility of kinetic occlusion by placing a blinking object behind or in front of a large occluder in a stereoscopic 3D display. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that apparent motion rating was higher when a blinking object was presented behind the occluder than when it was in front. In order to figure out whether apparent motion found in Experiment 1 was actually mediated by kinetic occlusion, an indirect index potentially related to apparent motion was measured using a new experimental task: Participants observed a display involving either a gradual or sudden change of an object in size and reported whether this change appeared gradual or sudden. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the proportion of the gradual change response was higher when a blinking object was presented behind the occluder than when it was in front. This study suggests that even a single object flashing on and off in place can generate apparent motion when its coming into and going out of existence is perceived to come into and go out of sight while continuing to exist behind an occluder.
Abstract
This study examined the characteristics of inhibitory attention to emotional stimulation using inhibition of return tasks based on studies in which adult ADHD is deficient in recognizing emotional faces. In Experiment 1, the cue–target of inhibition of return task was performed to identify the inhibitory ability of the ADHD tendency group to emotional stimulation. As a result of experiment 1, inhibition of return, which is the difference in response time between the same and different position, was significantly higher in the sad condition than in the ADHD tendency group. This suggests that the behavioral patterns of the control group and the ADHD tendency group may differ depending on the emotional sensitivity of the control group. In Experiment 2, a continuous response of inhibition of return task was performed to identify the characteristics of inhibitory ability to continuous emotional stimulation. As a result of Experiment 2, the ADHD tendency group showed lower inhibition of return than the control group only under the condition that the pleasure emotion was continuously the same. This study confirmed the differences in the characteristics of inhibitory attention to one emotional stimulus and continuous emotional stimulation among the groups. Based on this experiments, the implications and limitations of this paper are have been discussed.
Abstract
The focus of this study was discriminating the eyewitness memory using single-trial electroencephalogram (EEG) evoked by memory cues composed of multiple words. We reanalyzed the event-related potentials (ERP) data (n=69) from Ham, Kim, & Jeong (2018) studies, and two-class classification was conducted to distinguish correctly witnessed objects vs unwitnessed objects trials using linear support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The single-trial classification analysis showed the post-stimulus EEG activity between 800 to 850 ms was the most accurate interval for the memory classification (57.43%). This result suggests that the EEG during memory retrieval can be used to determine whether or not it is witnessed. Finally, we discussed some points to consider when using EEG for eyewitness memory classification.
Abstract
People with emotional problems like social anxiety disorder or depression tend to show attention bias to socially threatening stimuli (Mogg, Philippot, & Bradley, 2004). In probing such attention bias, Stroop task and other tasks have been used (Williams, Mathews, & MacLeod, 1996), with issues concerning interpretation of results. Using simple dot probe task considered as indicative of attention bias, this study tried to reveal whether social anxiety and its level could predict performance on dot probe task. When attention bias scores on fear and happy faces of females and males were calculated, there was observed no difference between social anxiety group and control group. However, Beck Anxiety Inventory scores predicted attention bias toward female’s fearful faces in social anxiety group, but this prediction did not apply to female’s happy faces and male’s faces.