Analyzing the physiological data measured in driving over time, the aim of this study was to identify the effects of fatigue experienced among drivers. Heart Rate Variability(HRV) and Electroencephalogram (EEG) were measured as the indicator of fatigue. While HRV decreased when the workload of drivers increased, it increased when the attention of drivers decreased because of fatigue. In the case of EEG, fast waves such as alpha wave and beta wave are correlated with the level of arousal but slow waves such as delta wave and theta wave are related with the relaxation or sleeping. The results of analyzing the behaviour of driving and the variance of HRV showed that HRV increased over time in three studies except the study 2, which were used to identify the effects of fatigue in this study, especially after 30 minutes the increase of HRV is to be manifest. I analyzed the variance of HRV and EEG in the research 1 which was capable of observing the conditions of driving. The results showed that the increase of HRV appeared in 10-15, 30-35, and 60-65 minutes, especially in 30-35 minutes the peak of the increase of HRV was highest. Analyzing the variance of HRV in the course of driving, the driving in a high way caused HRV to be highest but the driving in a lamp did it to be lowest. In addition, as moving on a local way from an I.C. HRV progressively increased. The results of analyzing the variance of HRV related with the speed of driving showed that the measurements in driving fast were higher than in driving slowly. In relation to smoking during driving, I analyzed the measurements of HRV before/during, and after smoking. The results showed that as moving on the stage of finishing smoking from the stage before smoking, the measurements of HRV progressively decreased. Using the data of research 1, the measurements of EEG over time were analyzed to examine the effects of fatigue also. The results showed that fast waves meaning the level of arousal decreased, however slow waves meaning the relaxation or sleeping increased, especially after 30 minutes these changes were to be clear. In discussion the problem of this study and the suggestion of the following study were described.
This paper describes the process of developing the 'Korean Sense of Community Scale', and the exploration of the structure of 'sense of community' in contemporary Korean society. In order to establish the theoretical concept of the sense of community, and to define the psychological areas that need to be measured, a literature review was done on three domains, the discussion on the philosophy of community, the psychological studies on the sense of community, and the empirical research on the community life and subjective well-being in Korea. In the process, a special attention was given to the distinction between the sense of community and authoritarian collectivism. Study 1 earned out an analysis of the sense of community in contemporary Korea empirically, and developed a sense of community scale based upon it. Item analyses of the pilot items revealed the major factors constructing the sense of community, and helped to select the items for the scale. The scale made of 24 items was found to have the reliability coefficient of .92. Study 2 was done to test the validity of the scale. The members of the 'Cooperative Childcare' which was found to be a very well-functioning community in a previous study were compared with the members of a more ordinary and not very close-knit day care facilities.. As predicted, the 'Cooperative Childcare' was found to have a significantly higher sense of community establishing the validity of the new scale.
The purpose of this study was to examine relationship between the experiences of the people participating in communal life/activity and their subjective well-being. The 684 subjects from the 16 voluntary groups were sampled and surveyed with a questionnaire that examined major characteristics of the group activity such as interpersonal relationship within the group, emotional/psychological experiences from the group activity, level of participation in the group activity, and organizational characteristics of the group. They also completed measures including the Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS), the Mood Evaluation Scale(MES), and Life Orientation Scale(LOT). Results showed that 1) the SWLS was affected by factors such as the information exchanges among group members and the emotional/ psychological burden, 2) there was no relationship between the SWLS and overall group satisfaction, and 3) the SWLS and the negative emotion scores of the MES were significantly related to the organizational characteristics such as openness, democratic decision making, and social gathering. Especially, the results showed that various aspects of the communal life/activity were significantly related with the subjective well-being even after factoring out the effects of personality variable (i.e., the optimism that measured from the LOT) and demographic variables(i.e., age and income). The implications of these findings were discussed.
This study investigated various statistical characteristics of TOEIC only biased on Korean samples, which have rarely been studied before. Test-retest reliability indices produced with 3-month duration and KR20 based on samples included suggested both scales of TOEIC having good quality of score stability and internal consistency. The excellence of criterion-related validity was found based on the relationship with other tests measuring similar domains and a test measuring practical English use in self-report survey form. The item analyses also showed TOEIC tests included in. this study had a satisfying level of item difficulty and discrimination.
As 'Wangtta', a form of school violence became one of the most serious educational problem in Korean schools since 1995, series of reseaches have been published. However, most of the researches were focused on the occurrence of Wangtta even without a consistent definition of the phenomenon among researchers. The uniqueness of Wangtta in Korea was considered in comparison with foreign school bullying. Also, the researches on the occurences of Wangtta provide limited information since the methods of the questionnaire were not validated. The validity and improvement of questioning the Wangtta occurrence was discussed and the social cognitive approach to the Wangtta procedure, and the research method for longitudinal study of the consequences of it were proposed.
Behavioral differences in heavy, moderate, and light users of internet or computer-mediated communication (CMC) were examined. Anonymity was felt comfortable, but considered undesirable by both heavy and light users of CMC. Besides, both of them reported little difficulty in communicating emotions and meanings unambiguously. Both groups said they had many friends and were not passive in relationships. The greatest differences were found in the "active participation in extra-curricular activities" factor and in positive beliefs in internet or CMC. The more involved in CMC, the more actively they participated in extra-curricular activities and the more likely they believed that CMC was helpful in expanding their scopes of lives and in knowing others.' opinions widely. Moreover, the more involved had a greater impulsive tendency, more free time, and better equipment for CMC. Inconsistent with some of previous findings, it was not passive people who sticked to CMC, but it was active participants in social activities who were deeply and normally involved in CMC. The latter seemed to use CMC actively for their purposes. It was also suggested that active involvers in CMC should be distinguished from pathological addictors to CMC.
This study was conducted to examine the effects of school violence on psychological adjustment in Korean adolescents. Participants were 1,226 middle school students and 1,339 high school students from Seoul. Cluster analysis was performed to identify four subgroups of adolescents who showed distinct patterns of school violence. These clusters were then compared on various measures of psychological adjustment. Analyses revealed that students in the victim group showed higher schores in stress(academic, teacher-related, and peer-related), depression, loneliness and lower scores in self-esteem, life satisfaction, and academic achievement. On the other hand, students in the bully group were not significantly differentiated from normal students, except that they showed the highest score in delinquency. These results confirm that adolescents show various patterns of psychological adjustment depending on their experiences of school violence and suggest that these different patterns of psychological adjustment should be reflected in designing intervention programs to prevent school violence.
Violence in the schools including bullying("Wang-Ta") has become a serious social issue in Korea. As preliminary one this paper explained the selected violence programs of primary and secondary prevention. These were school-based one in elementary, middle and high school. Programs of bullying also were introduced. On the basis of this review the Korean prevention program was being developed. The implications and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
An experiment was conducted to examine effects of trait aggressiveness and repeated exposure to sexually violent films on desensitization toward female violence victims. From a pool of 395 under-graduate male students who completed the Korea version of the Aggression Questionnaire as part of battery of tests given in testing sessions, 30 individuals who scored above the 75th percentile on the scale, and 30 who scored below the 25th percentile, were contacted and scheduled as participants. The results obtained are as follows: First, three days following exposure to the final film, high trait aggressive individuals were more likely to show anxiety and displeasure than were low trait aggressive individuals. Second, high trait aggressive individuals enjoyed the slasher films significantly more than did low trait aggressive individuals. Third, high trait aggressive individuals were much more likely to evaluate the victim as more responsible for her own violence than were low trait aggressive individuals. Longterm, frequent exposure to violent media may cause high trait aggressive viewers to become more easily desensitized during subsequent exposures.
This study was to explore the parameters for choosing a candidate for Korean Presidential election in 1997. A total of 293 undergraduate students(male: 140, female: 153) were participated in this study. Until now, in general, some researches and theories for voting behavior have tried to adopt a rational- cognitive model and attitude measurement along with this model in choosing and buying a good. However, the present authors thought that these models were suitable only for preference of objects and events, and not sufficient for analysis of voting behavior and evaluation of impression which are highly involved psychologically and emotionally. Therefore, we suggested a new model, i.e., logics of Cheong, as a predicts for voting behavior. Then, we analyzed the tendency of voting behavior in terms of this model for the 15th Presidential election.
This study was attempted to collect the subjective data about the psychological state and living of homeless. The subject of the study consisted of 145 homeless. After doing questionnaire, selecting out 4 or 5 persons randomly, they are interviewed in their deep structure around the causes effecting outdoor-life. As results, at the standard situations of more than one years of long-term of them, the past weakness of parent's violence of their growing period, home discord, and economic poverty work their internal motives, but their direct motives are chiefly home collapse, parent's and child's problem. Those are simple economic problems or weak man-power, techniques rather than potential weak elements, home broken for most of them who had sank into outdoor men. Great part of them are troubled in alcoholics, deep stress, psychological problems as a feeling of uneasiness, and partly narcotic poisoning, hallucinants. There are great differences between long-time of them and IMF homeless on recognition and settlement of outdoor-life between youth before thirties and middle and old age after fourties. To meet the solutions of the problems on factors of them between the above age groups, we ought to consider a proper characteristic counter measures. For the future research, we must verify whether they have the volution of self support, mental psychological treatment, and social drill or not.