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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.29 No.4
Abstract
Perceiving distance from oneself to other people plays an important role in social interaction. In this situation, interaction partners can express emotional valence and a perceiver can be in various moods. The current study investigated whether spatial distance perception varies depending on emotional valence of stimuli. We also manipulated emotional state of participants. After participants were induced to feel positive or negative, they estimated the spatial distance between themselves and emotional faces (angry or happy) or neutral images (house). The results showed that the estimated distance of the emotional faces was closer than that of the neutral images. In addition, the estimated distance of the happy faces was closer than that of the angry faces. Although emotional states of participants changed depending on the mood induction condition, participants’ emotional state did not influence distance estimation. These results suggest that only emotional valence of stimuli influences distance perception.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of emotional characteristics of the word on recognition memory. To do so, the effects of valence level and arousal level of words on recognition after incidental learning were investigated. In Experiment 1, participants performed a lexical decision task with negative and neutral words. Later, participants were asked to recognize whether each test word was shown when they performed the lexical decision task. After completing the recognition task, participants also judged what color the words were(associative memory task). The results showed that words with negative valence were recognized better than those with neutral valence. Also, regardless of the memory tasks, words with higher arousal level were recognized worse than those with lower arousal level. In Experiment 2, participants performed a same task with positive and neutral words. The results show that positive words were recognized better than neutral words. However, there was no difference based on the dimensions of emotion in the performance of the associative memory task. The results of the two experiments showed the differential effects of the valence and arousal on cognitive processes. The results indicate that the reason that emotion helps memory is the effect of valence of two dimensions of emotion. The results also showed that, for negative information, the memory processing is interrupted when the arousal level is too high. Arousal level of the positive information is irrelevant to the memory. The results further suggest that the inconsistent findings across previous studies might be due to not dissociating the valence and arousal level of the affective stimulus.
Abstract
According to the cognitive reserve hypothesis, more educated older adults are less susceptible to age-related or pathological cognitive changes due to accumulated resources necessary for various cognitive tasks. Although previous studies have validated the concept of cognitive reserve, it remains elusive how the early experience of education alters the relationship between regional gray matter volume and episodic memory performance. The present work examined Elderly Verbal Learning Test (EVLT) and structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging within 54 healthy older women. Education groups were divided into low (n = 27, mean education = 2.44) and middle (n = 27, mean education = 8.48) groups. We tested each group’s correlations between regional gray matter volume and memory performances using the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method and compared whether the correlations between the two groups differ. We found that regional volumes of the medial temporal lobe and orbitofrontal cortex highly correlated with EVLT performance among low education group, whereas the precuneus and inferior parietal lobule volumes were specifically associated with better memory performance among the middle education group. These results indicate that the neuroanatomical substrates contributing to better memory performance differ depending on the years of education, in concert with the protective effect of cognitive reserve.
Abstract
Fifty-two Korean students were recruited for the first Korean megastudy to construct a database of lexical decision times on 30,930 Korean words and nonwords. The stimuli were 1-5 syllable in length and included nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Participants were asked to decide if a stimulus on the screen was a word or a nonword. Each participant responded to a total of 30,930 words and 30,930 nonwords. The analysis of the lexical decision data obtained showed significant effects of frequency and length. Response times were also affected by POS, supporting the proposal to take into account of POS in the study of the mental lexicon. Practice effect was strong only in early blocks, and some signs of fatigue were apparent at later blocks. Two virtual experiments replicated the results of actual experiments, showing that the database was reliable. Based on the results, the use of megastudy in the understanding of the Korean mental lexicon was proposed.
Abstract
This study examined how visual elements that represent pitch and rhythm in musical score influence score perception. Music experts and non-experts were presented with two musical scores successively at 80ms or 2000ms. Scores contained only pitch information (pitch condition) or both pitch and rhythm information (rhythm condition). Participants judged whether the two scores were same or different. Response latency was slower when scores were more complicated with the notation of rhythm, than when only pitch was notated. There was a difference between the experts and the non-experts when the score was presented for 2000 ms. When the score was presented for a sufficient amount of time, the experts were able to process the score with rhythm more accurately than the non-experts. This result suggests that music experts can process rhythm information more efficiently to lead to better perception of musical notation.
Abstract
This study examined the influence of personality information on perceptions of physical attractiveness. Personality information was constructed using adjective which proved honesty and extraversion in lexical studies of personality structure. 3 level of honesty(high, medium, low) and 3 level of extraversion(high, medium, low) combined in 9 type personality information. In the present study, 20 women and 7 men rated physical attractiveness of the other sex target photograph. participation rated every photograph twice, total 108 condition of target which randomized. target was given 54 photograph at a trial, 27 photograph had given with personality information, 27 photograph without. The photograph had given with personality information at first trial was given without at second trial. Statistical analysis, using repeated ANOVA, revealed that 3 level of physical attractiveness, 3 level of extraversion and 3 level of honesty have significant effect on attractiveness in condition with personality information. low level attractiveness photograph with personality information had rated more attractiveness than low level attractiveness photograph without. The more honest, the more attractive in every condition.
Abstract
Attentional blink refers to impaired identification of the second target (T2) displayed within 500ms after the first target (T1) when both the targets are embedded in a single stream of letters under rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). According to the bottleneck account that the amount of allocated resources prioritized for T1 memory consolidation prevents a conscious report of T2’s identity, the present study examined the influence of T1 visibility on the strength of AB against T2 when both the targets were embedded in multiple RSVP streams where each stream was proceeded at one among four fixed locations. In Experiment 1 and 2, T1 in the high-visibility condition was colored in a pitch-black to create a high contrast target against the gray background whereas T1 in the low-visibility condition was colored in a dim gray for a low contrast one. Specifically in Experiment 2, three randomly-selected distractors in each RSVP frame were replaced with a ‘#’ sign to minimize any distractor interference. The results of both experiments showed that AB in T1 high-visibility condition was less strong than T1 low-visibility condition. These suggest that enhanced T1 visibility reduced the amount of allocated resources for T1 memory consolidation, subsequently leading to allocation of extra processing resources to T2 identification.
Abstract
The present study investigated individual differences in morphological priming using Hanja compound words as stimuli. Participants were divided into high and low MA groups, according to the morphological awareness (MA) score. Morphological relation between prime and target was manipulated as identical, different, pseudo, or unrelated. Participants performed the primed lexical decision task with primes masked. The results showed that morphological priming effects differed according to morphological awareness. Facilitatory priming effect was only significant for the high-MA group, suggesting that the representation and processing of Hanja compounds might be different among individuals with varied morphological knowledge. The results from the high-MA group are consistent with the semantic-morphological decomposition hypothesis. Based on the results, the structure and access of the Korean mental lexicon were discussed in relation to individual difference.