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ISSN : 1226-9654
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Vol.16 No.4
Abstract
To develope a working framework for cognitive psychology on cyber space, the nature and types of interactions between artifacts and human mind were analyzed. After proposing a perspective of co-evolution of artifacts and human mind, stating a brief summary of the main features of cyber space and lists of topics in psychological research on cyber space, and describing the recent trends in cognitive science on reformulation of the concept of mind, a necessity for a conceptual reformulation of cognitive psychology on cyber space was discussed. The possibility of pursuing this reformulation through re-conceptualizing the interactions between artifacts and human mind, by employing the frameworks of cognitive ecology, NBIC converging technology, and cyberception, was also discussed.
Abstract
Phenomenological observations, experiences, and experimental results are reviewed which suggest paradoxical nature of attention. The notion that attention and distractions are on a single continuum was explored in a frame emphasizing nomadic as well as disciplined attention. After examining agents of attention management in a cyberspace, two basic attention techniques, shallow/distributed and mindful, were proposed for information selection in a cyberspace to develop holistic, active, and creative relationships between this space and the user.
Abstract
Cyberspace needs cognitive exploratory activities. In contrast to real space, cyberspace has scanty perceptual-motor information, and with excessive verbal information provokes a high level of cognitive load. Two kinds of exploration in cyberspace could be distinguished as purposive one and fun-seeking one, and exploratory processes could be modeled as the interaction of bottom-up processing and top-down processing. Structure of cyberspace also has an influence on exploration, and information search as a cognitive skill would become more and more important, as the size and complexity of cyberspace increases. Methods of exploration and advantageous features of cyberspace vary with cognitive styles of explorers. Cognitive explanation is needed concerning the process of being absorbed (flow) in exploration. And characteristics of exploration and cognitive constraints should be considered in the design of cyberspace and some guidelines for proper design are discussed. Finally, the problem of cognitive exploration was suggested in relation to the ubiquitous computing environment.
Abstract
This study analysed banner advertisement effects in the context of web pages. We have sampled subjects' eye tracking movements while using and searching for internet contents, and have measured eye fixation durations of the various locations of web pages. After controlling subjects's web-searching intention(1. e-mail checking condition, 2. information searching condition), three types of the web pages with different banner ad positions were compared. When the banner ad appeared to adjacent regions related to subject's web-searching usage, more attention shifts and fixations were observed than other designs. It was discussed that attention measured by eye tracking method might be more efficient than CTR(click-through-rate) which is widely used in the advertisement researches. An alternative methods to interpret eye movement data in context of the web pages were discussed.
Abstract
Our ability to learn new knowledge and skills changes as we age. A wide range of cognitive processes are involved in the successful acquisition of knowledge and skills. This paper examined the effect of aging on various cognitive processes involved in learning and categorized cognitive processes into three groups: (1) cognitive processes that decline with age, (2) processes that more or less maintain its level of performance throughout the lifespan, and (3) processes that improve or manifest qualitative change with age. Lastly, sources of individual differences in the aging processes were discussed.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to examine whether and how executive working memory(WM) can influence the allocation of spatial attention in exogenous and endogenous cuing tasks. All the experiments involved executive WM tasks that required counting backward from a randomly selected three-digit number and spatial cuing tasks in which peripheral cues with or without predictability or central cues were presented. The results showed that when the spatial cue did not predict the location of a target, as in Experiment 1, the executive function of working memory reduced the peripheral cueing effect. However, when the spatial cue could predict the location of a target in Experiment 2, the peripheral cueing effect was not affected by the executive function of working memory. Moreover, in Experiment 3 the manipulation process of working memory did not change the central cueing effect. These results suggested that executive functions of WM such as manipulating information might affect exogenous and endogenous attention process differently.
Abstract
This study examined the influences of context on visually-degraded word recognition in Hangul reading. In Experiment 1, participants read the text which predicted the target words strongly or weakly, then made lexical decisions on the target words which were visually degraded or normal. Experiment 2 replicated the procedure of Experiment 1 using a naming task. The results from the two experiments showed that performance improved when target words were highly predictable or visually normal. More importantly, the context effects increased when the target words were visually-degraded than they were visually normal. This interaction between visual quality and contextual constraints indicates that readers rely more on contextual information to recognize words in a visually-limited reading situation.
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to examine comprehension processes of Korean topic-marked noun phrases. Especially, we compared self-paced word-by-word reading times of the topic-marked sentences under the two different contexts (i.e., consistent and inconsistent) to investigate the contrast focus function of the topic marked NPs. In Experiment 1, reading times of embedded verbs were longer under the inconsistent contexts than those under the consistent contexts. In Experiment 2, however, reading times of the topic-marked NPs were longer under the consistent contexts than those under the inconsistent contexts. These results showed the psychological reality of the contrast focus function of Korean topic marker. It was suggested that semantic/pragmatic aspects of Korean topic-marked NPs might be processed immediately and be computed through two stages: reactivation and attachment.
Abstract
Two experiments examined in a category decision task(Van Orden, 1986) whether a phonological route mediates visual Hangul word recognition. Varying phonological rules in this task, we failed to observe the main effect of a quasi-homophony effect in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, a quasi-homophony effect was obtained in a brief-exposure pattern-masking condition and this result suggested that the phonological route mediates access to word recognition. Evidence for phonological mediation was obtained only for the N-lateralization and L-nasalization phonological rule condition. Our results are consistent with those of Van Orden(1986), which thus support a crucial role of phonological mediation route even in skilled readers.