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- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.22 No.3
Abstract
Perceptual organization is one of major issues raised over a number of phenomena in form perception. Gestalt psychologists thought that the principle of Prägnanz governed perceptual organization, and people could perceive as good forms as possible under the given circumstances. A circle had been mentioned as an example of good forms by them. This study questioned whether a circle is indeed a good form. Concerning this question, major theories of form perception were examined and some experimental studies were also reviewed. In conclusion, circles appear to be simple and good forms, but not to be well processed perceptually. This inconsistency could be resolved by distinguishing the organization in perceptual information processing from the organization of percepts. This study argued that these two aspects of organization would be distinct and contribute to perception in different ways.
Abstract
The present study aimed to test the universality and language-specificity in visual recognition of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean words. Sino-Korean words (or Kanji Jukugo in Japanese, or Ci in Chinese) shared by the three languages were used as stimuli to remove semantic influences as much as possible. Materials and procedures were the same across the languages except that stimuli were presented in Hangul, Hanzi, or Kanji according to participants' native language. Word frequency effects were found significant in lexical decision and naming in all three languages. This result indicates that lexical factors are important in word recognition despite of many differences between writing systems. However, two findings related to different scripts should be noted. First, naming times were the shortest for Korean Hangul, but lexical decision times were the longest for the same script. Second, the word frequency effect was the smallest for naming in Korean, but the largest for lexical decision in Korean. These results support Park, Yi, Abe, and Liu (2008) that although there must be script-independent lexical processing at the macro level, script-dependent processing is also remarkable at the micro level.
Abstract
The effects of induced mood on the false memory were investigated in two experiments using the DRM paradigm. If false memory was based on the gist trace of the learning lists which is supposed to be automatically formed, false memory should remain unchanged even in the delayed test and under short presentation durations. In Experiment 1, the words were presented for two seconds during the learning phase, and memory was tested either 5 minutes after the learning phase (immediate test) or 24 hours after the learning phase (delayed test). In the immediate test, false recognition was reported less in the positive-low arousal condition, whereas in the delayed test, false recognition was reported more in the condition. The results suggested that some of the false memory in the other conditions might be based on the temporary activation of the critical lure because 2 seconds is long for learning a word. To test the possibility, presentation duration was manipulated in Experiment 2. In Experiment 2, each word was presented for either 2 seconds or 250 msec. False recognition was reported less in the positive-low arousal condition when each word was presented for 2 seconds, whereas false recognition was reported more in the positive conditions when only 250 msec was allowed for learning a word. The results of the two experiments suggested the possibility of two routes of false memory: One based on the long lasting gist trace, and another based on temporary activation of critical lure.
Abstract
The present study tried to clarify two issues derived from the assumption that overt suppression substantially suppress subvocal rehearsal in articulatory system in Baddeley's model, which are whether overt suppression has the same negative effect on subvocal rehearsal in articulatory system as subvocal suppression has, and whether there exists the interplay between two mechanisms of maintenance of verbal information, that is, subvocal rehearsal and attentional refreshing postulated in Camos, Lager, and Barrouillet's study(2009), in immediate serial recall tasks. We manipulated five suppression conditions including no suppression, overt suppression, subvocal suppression, attentional refreshing suppression, attentional refreshing suppression plus subvocal suppression, and evaluated five conditions' effects on immediate serial recall tasks. The results are as follows. First, overt articulatory suppression had more negative effect on immediate serial recall tasks than subvocal articulatory suppression had. Second, attentional refreshing suppression plus subvocal suppression had more negative effect on immediate serial recall tasks than each of subvocal articulatory suppression and attentional refreshing suppression had. Conclusions are that overt suppression overgeneralizes articulatory suppression's negative effects on subvocal rehearsal and overt suppression's effect on subvocal rehearsal in immediate serial recall tasks is diminished by the interplay between subvocal rehearsal and attentional refreshing.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to identify visual features for age perception. Effects of display time of eye, nose, and mouth, spacial frequency filtering, face outline and inversion on age perception were examined in experiments 1, 2, & 3. Results showed that age estimation was accurate either when eyes were presented for a longer duration or when a whole face was presented. However, age estimation was not accurate when eyes were presented only for a short period of time or when nose or mouth was presented. Also, both high and low frequency filtering did affect age estimation regardless of display time. And face inversion was more influential than face outline on age perception. These results suggest that age perception rely heavily on configurational than featural process.
Abstract
Change blindness is a failure to detect subtle changes in a series of scenes, and the phenomenon has been thought to be based on inattention or attention deficits. This study examined whether a change blindness task could be a useful tools for discriminating adult ADHD from normal adults. Participants performed a flicker-dot task, a simultaneous-dot task, a continuous performance teak, and a CAARS-K ADHD rating scale. In order to examine which task index (i.e., mean response time, standard deviation of response time, and accuracy) may reveal attention deficit, correlation analyses were conducted. As results, in flicker-dot task, there were almost no significant correlations between task indices and ADHD scales. In contrast, in simultaneous-dot task, response time and accuracy were negatively correlated to nearly every ADHD scales. In addition, the result of a discriminant analysis showed that indices from the simultaneous-dot task have more discrimination accuracy than those from the continuous performance task. These results suggest that change blindness task may be useful in revealing attention deficits in adults with ADHD.
Abstract
The syllabic priming effect has been reported in many languages when a prime and its target share the same syllable at the word-initial position. Two experiments were run to determine whether the effect was orthographic or phonological. The priming paradigm with the lexical decision task was adopted for the experiments. Primes were presented masked or visible with SOA 57 msec and SOA 200 msec. Experimental prime-target pairs shared phonological, orthographic, orthographic-phonological, or unrelated syllables. In Experiment 1 and 2, orthographic pairs were responded as fast as orthographic-phonological pairs while phonological pairs were responded slower than orthographic-phonological pairs. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis that phonological syllables play a dominant role in visual recognition of Korean words. To explain the results obtained in this and other related studies, we proposed a modification to the dual-route cascaded (DRC) model to include a Kulja processing unit between the letter unit and the orthographic lexicon. The modified DRC model was successful in explaining the roles of orthography and phonology in Korean word recognition.
Abstract
Organisms encountering a threatening environment often express various fear responses including antinociception, or hypoalgesia. Main brian structures or regions responsible for antinociception are the PAG, the RVM and the amygdala that primarily compose the amygdala-brain stem circuitry. Regarding antinociceptive mechanisms of the amygdala that is important for processing negative emotional information, the author has previously suggested a potent neural model mainly focusing on actions by opioid systems. On the other hand, a considerable amount of recent empirical data have shown important contributions of endocannabinoids released in the antinociceptive system including the amygdala to controlling pain in organisms facing environmental stressors. Hence, the present review was processed to reflect this trend of neuropsychology and present a more comprehensive neural model. Important points of the present discussions are as follows. First, activation of neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) that project to the brain stem is the critical factor for producing antinociception from the amygdala, and the activity of the CeA cells is determined by a neural integration between inhibitory and excitatory inputs given from the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA). Second, these inhibitory and excitatory inputs are currently suggested to be regulated by opioids and endocannabinoids that are both released in the BLA under stress, respectively. Third, the present new neural model of amygdala antinociceptive actions gives comprehensive accounts for a variety of characteristics shared by opioids and endocannabinoids, such as functional similarities, synergistic actions and interactions.
Abstract
Two experiments pitted the residual capacity hypothesis against the failure of attention control hypothesis regarding the perception of nontargets in a Rock & Gutman (1981) incidental learning task (H.-J. Kim & J.-O. Kim, 2010; H.-U. Cho & J.-O. Kim, 2010). Rock and Gutman demonstrated that inattentional nontargets were never recognized. Kim and his colleagues reported the opposite results when participants' perceptual intention regarding the target was systematically varied. The present study tested the predictions of those two hypotheses by varying the order of instructions (Experiment 1) or by presenting participants with two overlapped shapes as a recognition item (Experiment 2). The pattern of our results supports the residual capacity hypothesis while rejecting the failure of attention control hypothesis.
Abstract
Two experiments pitted the residual capacity hypothesis against the failure of attention control hypothesis regarding the perception of nontargets in a Rock & Gutman (1981) incidental learning task (H.-J. Kim & J.-O. Kim, 2010; H.-U. Cho & J.-O. Kim, 2010). Rock and Gutman demonstrated that inattentional nontargets were never recognized. Kim and his colleagues reported the opposite results when participants' perceptual intention regarding the target was systematically varied. The present study tested the predictions of those two hypotheses by varying the order of instructions (Experiment 1) or by presenting participants with two overlapped shapes as a recognition item (Experiment 2). The pattern of our results supports the residual capacity hypothesis while rejecting the failure of attention control hypothesis.
Abstract
Providing quality-of service (QoS) guarantees in VoIP applications becomes more challenging in wireless and mobile networks. Then, one of the important issues is to find a mechanism that can probe to what degree the users are satisfied with their experiences and give them service quality guarantees with varying prices depending on the network performance they may experience. In the traditional telephone services, the issue of the quality-based accounting has been relegated to the margins of quality communications. Also existing studies to date rarely deal with quality-based VoIP accounting because it is very difficult to find a suitable VoIP accounting metric. In this paper, we use a methodology of listening and identifying word by word and derive a VoIP accounting metric. Using the accounting metric, we design a quality-based VoIP charging mechanism with a “no charging” window.