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- P-ISSN1226-9654
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ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.4
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the process of Korean letter perception. Slopes of letter detection latency in the conjunction condition, in which both the consonant and the vowel of letters had to be checked, matched the sum of slopes in the consonant target condition and the vowel target condition, in which either the consonant or the vowel, but not both, was needed to be checked. The result of Experiment 1 supported that Korean letters are perceived after integrating consonants and vowels that comprise each letter. To compare between the consonant precedence hypothesis and the vowel precedence hypothesis, number of letters that share the consonant with the target and number of letters that do not share the consonant with the target is manipulated in Experiment 2. Slopes of detection latency due to the number of letters that share the consonant were larger than that of letters that do not share the consonant. The result of Experiment 2 was interpreted to support the consonant precedence hypothesis.
Abstract
A design of an inexpensive micropositioner using a step motor controller is described. The rotation of the motor is translated into linear movement by a micrometer head. The rotation is transmitted through a piano wire with a high torsional stiffness conveniently absorbing the eccentricity and deviation angle of the two rotating axes common mechanical problems which can be expensive to correct. Two circuits were developed to control the step motor and to display cumulative rotation, i.e. linear movement. The control circuit was designed around a hybrid IC chip for an inexpensive chopper drive. The resolution of the micropositioning system, thus developed was 1.25㎛. More than 70 penetrations of tungsten-in-glass micro electrodes into deep and shallow brain structures, such as the superior colliculus or the visual cortex, were made in 4 cats, using the developed micropositioner. From these experiments the system was found to be reliable and satisfactory.
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the nucleus tractus solitarius(NTS) produces opioid-mediated antinociception. The NTS has extensive reciprocal connections with higher brain structures. Notable among these are connections with nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). This study sought to determine whether NTS stimulation-produced antinociception (SPA) relies on cennections with higher brain structures and/or the NRM. Male Sparague-Dawley rats were anestheuized with pentobarbital (55mg/kg) and mounted stereotaxic apparatus. Pain sensitivity was masureed using the tail-flick test. In the experiment 1, a stimulating electrode was positioned in the NTS and holes were drilled so that a guide cannular could be lowered into the hole Through this cannula a wire was inserted allowing coronal brain section to be made. Thresholds for SPA were determined before and after coronal sections. Sections were made rostral to the midbrain and between the NTS and midbrain. In the experiment 2, similar procedures were followed except selective electrolytic lesion (1mA, DC, 20 sec) of the NRM were made. Transections between the NTS and midbrain significantly increased the threshold for SPA in the NTS. Cuts made rostral to the midbrain had no effect on SPA threshold, NRM lesions also increased SPA threshold. In this experiment, baseline tail-flick latencies were always increased for approximately 2 to 5 minutes after the lesion. Taken together, these results suggest that stimulation of the NTS produces antinociception via not any brain nuclei rostral to midbrain but a descending system arising in the NRM at least.
Abstract
Many of the system modeles for pattern identification of hangul character have adopted a separate subsystem of global character type classification as an initial part. The subsystems umanimously classify hangul characters into six types. The present study determined psychological realities of the subsystems. Thirty six subsystems were asked to identify or guess the presented characters individually through T-scop for short duration. The presentation time was varied into three levels, which were determined through preliminary experiment. The shortest duration was determined to ensure abiout 10% of correct chracter identification in average rate, while the longest duration to ensure about 85% of correct identification. The results of two Experiments strongly support the hyphothesis of this study. That is, when the stimulations are presented is under threshold, the rate of correct subsystem identification is high but, to the rate of correct chracter identification is low. This suggests that the process of the subsystem be taken before that of the chracter is, at the early stage of the perception.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of dopaminergic input to the nucleus accumbens in the reinforcing effects of natural rewards using the place preference paradigm. In experiment 1, 22 male albino rats were randomly assigned to three groups. One group had received 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA) lesions of the nucleus accumbens. The other two groups were used as sham operated or no food control group, 6-OHDA lesion group did not show the conditioned place preference and it was similar to no food control group. However, there was no difference among the three groups in the amount of food intake and number of crossing. Experiment 2 was conducted to see whether dopaminergic receptors in the nucleus accumbens were involved in the food reinforcing process. Haloperidol(0.5㎕, 1.0㎕) was injected just before being placed in the non-preferred compartment with food, and saline was injected just before being placed in the preferred compartment with no food. Only saline was injected to two control groups, one group was received food in the non-preferred compartment and the other group was received no food in either compartment. Results revealed that haloperidol groups and no food control group did not show the conditioned place preference. And there was also no difference among the four groups in the amount of food intake and number of crossing. Experiment 3 was conducted to test state dependent explanation of the result of experiment 2, and also to examine whether tegmentostriatal dopamine influences to the response with conditioned reinforcer even when primary reinforcer is not presented. Thirty rats were randomly assigned to two groups. Either saline or haloperidol(0.5㎕) was injected with into the nucleus accumbens during the conditioning phase. Before the test phase, each group was sub-divided into two. Either saline or haloperidol(0.5㎕) was injected again to sub-groups just before being tested. Results revealed that only those rats that were injected with saline during conditioning and test phase significantly changed their preference to the compartment associated with food. None of the other three groups(saline+saline, haloperidol+haloperidol, haloperidol+saline treated) changed their preference. These results indicated that the deficit in haloperidol treated rats was not due to the state dependent learning, and that haloperidol blocked the response to the conditioned reinforcer. Taken together it may be concluded that tegmentostriatal dopamine takes part in the reinforcement process of natural reward.
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of word shapes on Hangul recognition, one-, two-, or three-syllable words typed in Meungzo and Saemmul fonts were briefly flashed on a screen and the rate of correct recognition was measured. The Saemmul font produces alphabets of relatively regular form but conspicuous variations in word contour particularly when the length of a word exceeds 2 syllables, while the conventional Meungzo font generates alphabets of relatively irregular form but minimum variations in word contour irrespective of word length. These aspects of word shape in Saemmul and Meungzo fonts are expected to differentially affect visual information processing of a word. The results of the experiments showed that a word in Meungzo font was recognized more quickly and accurately than that in Saemmul font. As an additional and interesting fording, the current experiments revealed that, for both of the fonts, the rate of correct recognition was increased as a function of word length, which implies the top-down influences like what can be predicted by an interactive activation model.
Abstract
Perceptual processes concerned with syllables and letters were examined in a forced-choice task (Reicher, 1969). Experiment 1 showed the word superiority effect, the word inferiority effect or none of such effects, depending upon the size of the attention window in word-letter conditions. Also observed in this experiment was the word inferiority effect when choices should be made between alternative syllables. Experiments 2, 3 and 4 further explored the nature of letter perception in a syllable context. We consistently observed the syllable inferiority effects, particularly for the syllables with a last consonant. Type of syllables in their combinations of consonants and a vowel was found to be very important in producing the syllable inferiority effect. Our results were discussed in view of the interactive activation and the elementary perceiver-and-memorizer model.
Abstract
This study investigated functions of medial septum and/or hippocampal θ rhythm, and multiple unit response in the hippocampus during extinction of classical conditioning of rabbit`s nictitating membrane response. In experiment 1, blocking of Hippocampal θ rhythm with medial septal lesion brought about resistance of extinction, but in initial extinction trials brought about performence deficiency. Namely, the size of response area in lesion group were less then in control group. So, former result could be explained in terms of arousal hypothesis, but latter result could not be explained. And, it was difficult to explain the result of experiment 1 with any other hypothesis. Hippocampal multiple unit response of medial septal lesion group did not differ from that of control group. This result suggest that there were no correlation between hippocampal θ rhythm and hippocampal unit response. In experiment 2, driving of hippocampal θ rhythm by electrical low frequency stimulation of medial septum brought about resistance of extinction. There was no statistical significance in the analysis of peak amplitude, response area, percentage of conditioned response. Namely, the strength of resistance was very great. In the analysis of multiple unit response, the result was similar to that of experiment 1. This results could be explained with the view which assert that medial septum serve to process frustrative stimuli, but could not be explained with arousal hypothesis. And, any hypothesis could not explain both results of experiment 1 and experiment 2. So, these results should be approched with new viewpoint. In our discussion, it was presented that the approch of neural network or computational neuroscience can suggest that function of medial septum and/or hippocampal θ rhythm were related to hippocampal-neocortex resonance loop to hippocampal index model.
Abstract
A couple of experiments were conducted to examine the effect of orthography and word recognition tasks on lateralization of language processing capability of two cerebral hemispheres. In Experiment I, sixteen right-handed college students performed lexical decision task of unilaterally presented single-syllabic Hangul and Chinese strings. For Hangul characters, the latency was significantly faster for the words that were presented on the right visual field (RVH-LH). This finding is in accord with a lot of previous studies showing that LH is more dominant in processing phonetic script. But for the Chinese characters, there was no cerebral asymmetry between fight vs. left hemisphere. Although this pattern doesn't seem to support the right hemisphere's dominance of ideographic symbols, a balanced performance by both hemispheres might indicate that the LH is no better than the RH in searching Chinese lexicon for proper response. In Experiment II, it was conjectured that while word recognition in a shallow orthograhpy is mediated primarily by a phonological, prelexical code, in a deep orthography it relies on orthographic cues and phonology is derived from the lexicon. Since naming requires no access to the lexicon and may be performed by assembling the pronunciation of the word, Chinese words which is considered to be a deep orthography might rely less on the LH than Hangul words, which is relatively a shallow orthography. Here, another set of subjects named a list of Hangul and Chinese words that was drawn from the first experiment. The asymmetry pattern was quite similar with the first experiment except the fact that the size of RVF-LH advantage in Hangul reading was bigger than in the first experiment. This supports the assumption that pronouncing Hangul word highlights the LH`s capability in phonological processing while naming Chinese character relies less on the LH. The possibility of further study of the effect of different scripts and various linguistic variables on hemispheric asymmetry in language processing was discussed.
Abstract
This study examined the effects of (1)amygdaloid lesion, (2)dopamine agonist injections and antagonist injections into the nucleus accumbens, and (3)these injection treatments after amygdaloid lesion on acquisition of passive avoidance task. Seventy two rats were assigned to six groups: (1)apomorphin injected, (2)haloperidol injected, (3)saline injected, (4)amygdala lesioned and apomorphin injected, (5)amygdala lesioned and haloperidol injected, (6)amygdala lesioned and saline injected. Performances of one-trial passive avoidance task using shuttle box were recorded by program made of C language. It was found that amygdaloid lesion impaired passive avoidance learning. Haloperidol injections into the nucleus accumbens impaired the performance but did not alter the effect of amygdaloid lesion. Apomorphin injections into the nucleus accumbens had no effect on the performance but it altered the effect of amygdaloid lesion. These results showed that amygdala is involved in the processing of negative reinforcer which is withdrawl of aversive stimulus. And it was partly supported that the input from amygdala was modulated by dopamin in nucleus accumbens.
Abstract
We investigated whether individuals who differ in comprehension skill have differences in the the efficiency of their suppression mechanism in anaphoric reference. In experiment 1, using the probe recognition task, it was found that while more skilled comprehenders responded slower to the inappropriate referents of anaphors compared to the appropriate referents in the presence of context, less skilled comprehenders did not respond slower, suggesting that less skilled comprehender did not suppress the context-inappropriate referents.1n experiment 2, using the context verification task, it was found that less skilled comprehenders reject less efficiently the inappropriate referents. These results support the hypothesis of Gernsbacher (1988) that less skilled comprehenders have less efficient suppression mechanism.
Abstract
For the past years there have been not a few reports that suggested the amygdala is responsible for conditioned fear as well as for unconditioned fear. In recent years the attempts have been made to divide the amygdala into several sub-structures and to specify each of them in view of its function. And it is generally accepted that among the sub-divisions the central amygdala takes part in the expression of fear because it projects its fibers most expensively to the brainstem areas which control a variety of fear responses. But with respect to the acquisition of fear, the role of the central amygdala is of much controversy. The present study is therefore to investigate what effects the reversible lesions of the central amygdaloid nucleus have on the acquisition and the expression of fear, using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm as an animal model for measuring fear or anxiety, and accordingly to identify the role of the centra amygdala in fear conditioning. To separate conditioning trial from test trial, the local anesthetic lidocaine was used, and so the experiment consisted of four groups on the basis of lidocaine micro-injected right before the conditioning trial or just before the test trial: lidocaine-saline group, saline-lidocaine group, saline-saline group, and lidocaine-lidocaine group. As a result, the animals which had been lidocaine-injected either before the conditioning trial or before the test trial, showed little increase in the startle responses. But the result cannot be due to the state dependent retrieval failure since the lidocaine-lidocaine group showed no fear-potentiated startle responses either. Thus, the result of the study strongly suggests that the central amygdala is involved not only in the expression of fear but also in the acquisition of fear.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to investigate how readers process contrastive information in story texts when the types of story structures and the abstraction levels of the contrastive information within the representational hierarchy were varied. The reading time and the primed recognition latency for the contrastive and noncontrastive sentences showed following results. Longer reading time was needed for contrastive sentences than for noncontrastive sentences. Primed recognition time, however, was faster for the noncontrastive sentences. Contrastive sentences were processed slower when the mismatching was at the higher abstraction (macropropositional) level than at the lower (micropropositional) level, but it were retreived faster. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that contrastive information is encoded as a higher level proposition, is retrieved faster because of its greater discriminability and gives greater and higher level coherence to the representation of the text.
Abstract
To investigate the effects of central amygdala dopamine on immobilization stress-induced gastric ulcer in rats, two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, 6-OHDA(10㎍) was injected bilaterally into central amygdala to destroy dopaminergic neurons. On 7 days after drug treatment the rats were immobilized individually in supine-restraint devicers at 4℃ for 3hrs. The results of experiment 1 were as follows: lesion of dopaminergic neurons in central amygdala aggravated the gastric ulcer induced by stress. In experimemt 2, apomorphine(10㎍), haloperidol(10㎍) and saline were injected bilaterally into central amygdala. At 30min after drug treatment the rats were restrainted at 4℃ for 3hr. The results were as follows: apormophin had an attenuating effect on the gastric ulcers, but haloperidol had an aggravating effect. These results indicate that dopaminergic neurons and dopamine of central amygdala does play an important role in the stress-induced gastric ulcer.
Abstract
The previous models of human symmetry perception can be summarized as a point-by-point comparison model (Julesz, 1971) and a density comparison model (Barlow & Reeves, 1979), both of which are single-channel model based on spatial domain. Neither of these spatial domain model, however, cannot account for the relative effectiveness of symmetric information as a function of the distance of the information from the axis of symmetry. In order to incorporate the relative effectiveness from the axis on symmetry perception into the density comparison model, the study by Barlow & Reeves was replicated and the weights for each spatial location were calculated by multiple regression. By this way, the degree of symmetry of an input image is a weighted sum of small areas, not a straight forward sum. In experiment 2, however, in which no dots in the areas near the axis was presented, the weighted density comparison model fails to account for the human observers' performance. With the other research results showing that the detection of symmetry as a combination of two orthogonal symmetries depended on the two independent symmetries (Julesz & Chang, 1979) the present result suggests that human symmetry perception may be processed through multiple channels, which differing in resolution and/or orientation.
Abstract
In many studies, amygdala is considered to be the neural structure that is involved in fear or anxiety, in human and mammals. This paper, using fear-potentiated startle responses as a measure of fear, was to see whether noradrenergic receptors in the amygdala are involved in the expression of fear Rats were implanted with bilateral cannulae aimed at the amygdala. After the conditioning, DSP-4(30㎍/㎕) was injected to the amygdala, DSP-4 selectively produces the degeneration of the noradrenergic receptors only. In addition, we tried to find out whether or not yohimbine, which is known to increase fear and/or anxiety, can produce the potentiated startle responses even after the degeneration of noradrenergicr receptors in the amygdala. For this, before test, yohimbine(1.25mg/kg) was injected systemically. Results showed that animals injected with DSP-4 did not show the potentiated startle responses, and neither did the aniamls with DSP-4 plus yohimbine before test. It may thus be concluded that the no epinephine in the amygdala is necessary for the expression of fear.
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to evaluate the adaquacy of three different explanations for the Stroop effect which are based on the relative speed of processing, the stimulus-response compatibility, and stimulus internal code compatibility, respectively with a couple of modified word-color and word-position tasks using manual response. As a method of examining whether the effectiveness of the selective attention differs over two types or task, the fixed-block and random-trial procedures were used. In the fixed-block procedure, the stimulus attribute be reported was primed at the beginning of a fixed block of trials, while in the random-trial procedure, toc stimulus attribute was primed at the beginning of each trial. Processing of the color attribute was faster than that of the w attribute and symmetrical interference occured in the word-color tasks from both fixed-block and random than procedures. Processing of the position attribute was faster than the word attribute and the response to the w attribute was interfered by the irrelevant position attribute in the word-position stimulus task only from ha random-trial procedure. These results indicate that S-R compatibility is a more adequate concept to explain the interference in a Stroop task than the concept of processing speed and the attributes of word-color stimulus are more difficult to be selectively attended than those of word-position stimulus.
Abstract
Of several amygdaloid nucleus, the central amygdaloid nucleus seems to be related to the expression of fear. This experiment is to examine effects of the central nucleus of amygdala on the fear-potentiated startle responses. In experiment 1, monopolar tungsten for lesioning were chronically implanted into the central amygdaloid nucleus in rats. After 7 days, rats received two conditioning sessions on consecutive day, each session consists of 10 light-footshock pairing(light of 8w incandescent bulbs, 3700msec: footshock of 1.0mA, 500msec: ITI of 4min). After the conditioning, electrolytic lesion(2.0mA, 10sec) was administered to the central nucleus. One day or seven days later, rats were tested for conditioned fear by comparing the magnitude of the startle reflex to a noise burst presented either alone or in the presence of the previously fear-conditioned light. Results were that the lesioned animals showed no fear-potentiated startle responses. In experiment 2, using kainic acid(0.1㎍/0.2㎕), we lesioned cell bodies without damaging any axons after the conditioning. Results showed that animals lesioned with the kainic acid did not showed potentiated startle responses to the conditioned stimuli. Taken together, it may be said that the intrinsic elements of central amygdaloid nucleus are involved in the expression of fear.
Abstract
Four experiments were performed to investigate the effect of temporal integration on the direction of short range apparent motion. In each trial of the experiments, a set of random-dot cinematogram(RDC)s of which dot elements move in random directions were successively presented together with a certain proportion of biased dots moving in a particular direction. The measurement of interest was whether the effect of the biased dots on the coherent global motion impression of the RDC increases as a function of the number of successively presented RDCs across time. Existence of such incremental effect was interpreted as an evidence of excitatory temporal interaction among the moving dots in short range motion. Results of the experiments show, first, that the temporal integration effect exists only when the successively presented RDCs satisfy the constraints of short range motion. Second, the effect of temporal integration in the direction of biased dots increases as a function of the number of RDC images. Third, the effect occurs, as it can be expected in the short range motion, more apparently when the biased dots moving in a particular direction ramains the same than when they are changed from one frame of RDC to another. Fourth, the temporal integration effect is greater when the density of a RDCs is low than when it is high, which can be interpreted as an indication of the reduction of the processing load associated with correspondence problem.
Abstract
In many previous studies, it has been reported that lesions of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) which is the part of acoustic thalmaus blocked conditioned emotional response, such as differential bradycardiac response, blood pressure, and freezing response. So, it has been suggested that MGN is a neural structure that is involved in conditioned emotional responses. But, considering MUA and LTP are developed in MGN during conditioning and MGN receives convergent acoustic CS and electrical US input, it may be regarded that MGN is a structure of plasticity, not simply a neural structure. The purpose of this was to indentify the roles of MGN whin the neural circuit involved in fear when it used fear-potentiated startle response as a measure of fear. In experiment 1, after the conditioning that paired acoustc CS with electrical shock US, electrolytic bilateral lesions were administered to the MGN. Results were that the unoperated group and the sham surgery group showed fear-potentiated startle response, but on the other hand the lesioned group did not. In experiment 2, AP-5, which blocks LTP as a NMDA receptor antagonist, was microinjected to MGN before conditioning trials and test trial. Results revealed that the animals which AP-5 was microinjected before conditioning trials did not show potentiated startle response, but the animal which AP-5 was microinjected before test trial did. These observations consist with previous reports that NMDA receptor antagonist blocked acquisition not performance of learning. So it can be concluded that these findings indicate MGN is a structure of neural plasticity as well as a neural structure in emotion conditioning using acoustic CS and electrical shock US.
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to explore causal reasoning processes. Wason's selection task was used in both experiments. Arbitrary, regulative, and causal conditionals were used in Experiment I. Results of Experiment 1 showed that causal conditional reasoning is different from other conditional reasoning. Causal conditionals were furthere classified into three types in Experiment 2: Single cause condition, alternative cause condition in which either of two causes can yield the consequent, and additive condition in which two causes were both needed for the consequent. Performance in the alternative condition was almost identical to that of additive condition: Subjects select only one alternative, true consequent. The result of Experiment 2 was interpreted that undifferentiated causal schema was likely to be used in causal reasoning.
Abstract
Conceptual knowledgs consist of cores of concepts and their interrelations and are organized. Logical thinking for problem solving in our everyday/academic life is assumed to take several different forms such as reasoning, problem solving, critical and creative thinking depending upon the requirments of task situation. This study performed three experiments to investigate the nature of the relationship between concept and procedure. Experiment 1 used Wason s card selection task requiring deductive reasoning and employed college subjects. Experiment 2 and 3 used mathematical fraction problems with primary school students of grade 4 and 5 in Experiment 2 and grade 2 in Experiment 3. Conclusions drawn could be summarized as follows: (i) People seemed to solve reasoning problems using rules specific to the domain rather than using abstract inferential rules, (ii) problem solving depended largely on the strategies memory acquired through specific experiences or generalized, (iii) conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge was posited linked through categories and categories indexed in terms of functions including the conditions and (iv) knowledge and procedure seemed basically distinctive, but they were also found interacting dynamically and synchronically. The final pragmatic conclusion (v) would encourag procedure instruction to use domain-specific materials to teach concretely, to explicitly emphasize when, where and why of the procedure, and to help students to understand materials deeply to make knowledges meaningful and functional.
Abstract
In my previous experiment(1991), rats with lesions of anterior insular gustatory neocortex(AIGN) showed good acquisition in condition of no delay between saccharin solution CS and LiCl US, and showed acquisition deficit in 30 minutes delay between CS and US but in both conditions showed faster extinction compared to sham-operated ones. This study was conducted to examine whether AIGN is critically involved in the retention and reacquisition of the conditioned taste aversion(CTA) induced by LiCl. CTA was produced by pairing 0.2% saccharin solution CS with 0.15M LiCl US, then subjects were operated. Rats with lesions of AIGN cannot retention at all and can reacquire CTA but showed reacquisition deficit and faster extinction compared to ones with lesions of somatic gustatory neocortex and to sham-operated ones. The results suggest that AIGN is a critically important neural substrate in the storage and reacquisition of CTA.
Abstract
The present experiment was conducted to examine which component of pain inhibition system is selectively active after inescapable electric shock and whether, inspite of naloxone pretreatment, the decrease of pain sensitivity was due to the change of neurochemical substance following drug. In result of assesing the pain sensitivity on using hot-plate apparatus after severe aversiveness of inescapable shock. Nal and Sal group were higher than baseline in the % analgesic rate in training phase. In the testing phase, both Sal-Sal and Nal-Sal group were maintained hypoalgesia but, both Sal-Nal and Nal-Scop group were significantly reduced in compared with each control group. These results indicated that opioid and nonopioid component of pain inhibition system were selectively activated after inescapable shock, and naloxone-nonreversed hypoalgesia was activated by mediation of chlinergic muscarine receptor, in view of that non-opioid hypoalgesia after naloxone pretreatment was reduced by scopolamine treatment. This results suggested that cholinergic drug is an important neurochemical substance in the activation of non-opioid hypoalgesia.
Abstract
Present study was conducted to investigate the effects of arousal level and odour on the P300 amplitude. To obtain P300, subjects were requested to detect and count infrequent high-pitched tones interspersed frequent low-pitched tones(odd-ball paradigm). In experiment 1, in order to examine the effects of drousiness and arousal on the P300, amplitude P300 was obtained immediately after subjects took a nap or drank a coffee and rested. The result showed drowsiness decreased and arousal increased the P300 amplitude. Experiment 2 was conducted to examine whether the P300 was sensitive to the stimulating or sedative effects of some odours with odd-ball paradigm. The results of experiment 2 showed odours affected the P300 amplitude, that is, jasmine and rose increased while lavender and chamomile decreased the P300 amplitude. We suggest that P300 is a sensitive measure of the effects of odour on the brain electrical activities.
Abstract
In the present paper Inner-Outer Compatibility Principle model was proposed as a general model of information processing and discussed in relation with Functionalism and Computationalism. It was emphasized that the measurement of inner-outer compatibility should be done so as to be used practically for better human information processing. In this regard it was held that pragmatic spirit of Functionalism should be reintroduced into the investigation of information processing and that Computationalism, a current dominant approach of cognitive psychology and cognitive science, needs some adjustment.