- 권한신청
- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
도덕적 딜레마에서의 판단경향성이 인상형성에 미치는 영향
The Impact of Moral Decision Style on Impression Formation
설선혜 (고려대학교)
김학진 (고려대학교)
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
초록
도덕성은 이타성의 잠재적인 지표로서 타인에 대한 긍정적 인상형성을 촉진하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 인상형성 대상이 지닌 도덕적 판단 경향성(moral decision style)이 인상형성과정에 미치는 영향에 대한 체계적인 접근은 아직 시도된 바 없다. 본 연구는 도덕적 딜레마 시나리오를 사용하여 공리주의적(utilitarian) 성향과 의무론적(deontological) 성향을 지닌 서로 다른 두 인물이 지각되는 방식에 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 1에서는 공리주의자와 의무론자의 인상이 따뜻함 차원과 유능함 차원 및 성격5요인, 호감도의 측면에서 어떻게 다른지 알아보았다. 참가자들은 의무론자를 상대적으로 더 따뜻한 사람으로 지각하는 반면 공리주의자는 더 유능할 것이라고 평가하였으며, 의무론자가 공리주의자보다 더 선호되는 패턴이 나타났다. 연구 2에서는 피험자-간 설계를 적용하여 연구 1의 결과를 재확인하는 한편, 도덕적 판단경향성과 호감도의 관계에서 따뜻함이 지니는 매개효과를 검증하여, 두 변인에 대한 따뜻함의 완전매개효과를 확인하였다. 연구 3에서는 공리주의자와 의무론자가 서로 다른 의사결정 영역에서 차별적인 선호도를 지니는지 알아보기 위해 참가자로 하여금 사회적 갈등상황과 비사회적 갈등상황 하에서 조언을 받고 싶은 대상을 고르도록 하는 과제를 수행하게 하였다. 의무론자는 사회적 갈등상황에서, 공리주의자는 비사회적 갈등상황에서 조언을 구할 대상으로 각각 선호되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 대상이 지닌 도덕적 판단경향성에 의해 인상형성결과가 달라진다는 것을 보여주었으며, 이는 대인지각에서 도덕성에 대한 보다 입체적인 접근이 필요할 수 있음을 시사한다.
- keywords
- 도덕적 딜레마, 도덕적 판단 경향성, 인상형성, 공리주의, 의무론, 따뜻함, 유능함, 호감, The Impact of moral dilemma, moral decision, impression formation, utilitarianism, deontology, warmth, competence, likability
Abstract
Morality plays an important role in impression formation by signaling a target's prosociality and resulting in a positive evaluation of the target. However, little is known about the effect of how moral principles that a target endorses on impression formation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether and how targets with different moral decision styles, namely utilitarian and deontologist, are perceived differently. In study 1, participants were asked to evaluate an utilitarian target and a deontological target on warmth-competence domain and big-five personality traits. Results showed that the deontological target scored higher in warmth than the utilitarian target, while the opposite was true in competence rating. In addition, participants reported that the deontological target was more likeable than the utilitarian target. In study 2, we replicated the findings of study 1 with between-subject design. Mediation analysis revealed that the favorable attitude toward a deontological target was mainly mediated by warmth rating. In study 3, we tested whether deontologists and utilitarians are favored in different decision domains. Participants were provided with behavioral vignettes depicting various daily problems in social or nonsocial domains and asked to indicate which target they would like to ask for advice. We found that deontologists and utilitarians were preferred in social and non-social problems, respectively. Our findings suggest that impression formation process can be influenced not only by how moral a target is but also by what specific moral principle a target follows when making moral decision.
- keywords
- 도덕적 딜레마, 도덕적 판단 경향성, 인상형성, 공리주의, 의무론, 따뜻함, 유능함, 호감, The Impact of moral dilemma, moral decision, impression formation, utilitarianism, deontology, warmth, competence, likability
참고문헌
최소영 (2010). Who makes utilitarian judgments?:experimental study and fMRI study. 석사학위논문, 서울대학교 대학원, 서울.
Abele, A. E., & Wojciszke, B. (2007). Agency and communion from the perspective of self versus others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(5), 751.
Baron, J. (1997). The illusion of morality as self-interest: A reason to cooperate in social dilemmas. Psychological Science, 8, 330-335.
Baron, J., & Ritov, I. (2004). Omission bias, individual differences, and normality. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94(2), 74-85.
Bettencourt, B., Charlton, K., Dorr, N., & Hume, D. L. (2001). Status differences and in-group bias: A meta-analytic examination of the effects of status stability, status legitimacy, and group permeability. Psychological Bulletin, 127(4), 520.
Byrne, D. (1971). The Attraction Paradigm. NewYork:Academic Press
Chemers, M. M. (2001). Leadership effectiveness: An integrative review. In M. A. Hogg & R. S. Tindale (Eds.). Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group Processes’ (pp.376-399). Blackwell, Oxford.
Christensen, J. F., & Gomila, A. (2012). Moral dilemmas in cognitive neuroscience of moral decision-making: A principled review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(4), 1249-1264.
Cislak, A., & Wojciszke, B. (2008). Agency and communion are inferred from actions serving interests of self or others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(7), 1103-1110.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357
Cuddy, A. J., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 61-149.
Cuddy, A. J., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2004). When professionals become mothers, warmth doesn't cut the ice. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 701-718.
Cuddy, A. J., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 631.
Cushman, F., Young, L., & Hauser, M. (2006). The role of conscious reasoning and intuition in moral judgment testing three principles of harm. Psychological Science, 17(12), 1082-1089.
Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B. R. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.). Social support: An interactional view (pp.319-366). John Wiley &Sons. Oxford.
De Bruin, E. N., & Van Lange, P. A. (1999). Impression formation and cooperative behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(23), 305-328.
Deutsch, M. (2011). Interdependence and psychological orientation. In P. T. Coleman (Eds). Conflict, Interdependence, and Justice. (pp.247-271). Springer, New York.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition:Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 77-83.
Foot, P. (1978). The problem of abortion and the doctrine of the double effect. In: Foot, P. Virtues and vices and other essays in moral philosophy (pp.19-32). Blackwell, Oxford.
Fumagalli, M., Ferrucci, R., Mameli, F., Marceglia, S., Mrakic-Sposta, S., Zago, S. & Priori, A. (2010). Gender-related differences in moral judgments. Cognitive Processing, 11(3), 219-226.
Goodwin, G. P., Piazza, J., & Rozin, P. (2014). Moral character predominates in person perception and evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(1), 148.
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann Jr, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504-528.
Greene, J. (2005). 19 Cognitive Neuroscience and the Structure of the Moral Mind. The innate mind, 1, 338-353.
Greene, J. D. (2007). The secret joke of Kant’s soul (pp.59-66). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Greene, J., & Haidt, J. (2002). How (and where)does moral judgment work?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(12), 517-523.
Greene, J. D., Morelli, S. A., Lowenberg, K., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2008). Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment. Cognition, 107(3), 1144-1154.
Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, 44(2), 389-400.
Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293(5537), 2105-2108.
Griffitt, W. B. (1966). Interpersonal attraction as a function of self-concept and personality similarity-dissimilarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 581-584
Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus, 133(4), 55-66.
Han, H., Glover, G. H., & Jeong, C. (2014). Cultural influences on the neural correlate of moral decision making processes. Behavioural Brain Research, 259, 215-228.
Hauser, M., Cushman, F., Young, L., Kang‐Xing Jin, R., & Mikhail, J. (2007). A dissociation between moral judgments and justifications. Mind & Language, 22(1), 1-21.
Harenski, C. L., & Hamann, S. (2006). Neural correlates of regulating negative emotions related to moral violations. Neuroimage, 30(1), 313-324.
Heekeren, H. R., Wartenburger, I., Schmidt, H., Schwintowski, H. P., & Villringer, A. (2003). An fMRI study of simple ethical decisionmaking. Neuroreport, 14(9), 1215-1219.
Helgeson, V. S. (2003). Social support and quality of life. Quality of life research, 12(1), 25-31.
Higgins, T. E., Rholes, W. S., & Jones, C. R. (1977). Category accessibility and impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(2), 141-154.
Hofmann, W., & Baumert, A. (2010). Immediate affect as a basis for intuitive moral judgement:An adaptation of the affect misattribution procedure. Cognition and emotion, 24(3), 522-535.
Hogan, R., Hall, R. & Blank, E. (1971). An extension of the similarity-attraction hypothesis to the study of vocational behavior. Center for Social Organization of Schools Report, John Hopkins University, 105, 8.
House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Jones, Z., Pelham, B., Carvallo, M., & Mirenberg, M. (2004). How do I love thee? Let me count the J's: Implicit egotism and interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 665-683.
Judd, C. M., James-Hawkins, L., Yzerbyt, V., & Kashima, Y. (2005). Fundamental dimensions of social judgment: Understanding the relations between judgments of competence and warmth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 899.4
Jung, J. (1987). Toward a social psychology of social support. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8(1& 2), 57-83.
Kagan, S. (1998). Normative ethics Boulder: Westview Press.
Kohlberg, L. (1964). Development of moral character and moral ideology. Review of child development research, 1, 383.
Kordes-de Vaal, J. H. (1996). Intention and the omission bias: Omissions perceived as nondecisions. Acta Psychologica, 93(1), 161-172.
Langford, C. P. H., Bowsher, J., Maloney, J. P., & Lillis, P. P. (1997). Social support: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(1), 95-100.
Leach, C. W., Ellemers, N., & Barreto, M. (2007). Group virtue: The importance of morality (vs. competence and sociability) in the positive evaluation of in-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(2), 234.
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin, 107(1), 34.
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., Grob, A., Suh, E. M., & Shao, L. (2000). Cross-cultural evidence for the fundamental features of extraversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 452.
Moll, J., Eslinger, P. J., & Oliveira-Souza, R. D. (2001). Frontopolar and anterior temporal cortex activation in a moral judgment task: Preliminary functional MRI results in normal subjects. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 59(3B), 657-664.
Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Bramati, I. E., & Grafman, J. (2002). Functional networks in emotional moral and nonmoral social judgments. Neuroimage, 16(3), 696-703.
Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Eslinger, P. J., Bramati, I. E., Mourão-Miranda, J., Andreiuolo, P. A., & Pessoa, L. (2002). The neural correlates of moral sensitivity: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral emotions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(7), 2730-2736.
Na, J., Choi, I., & Sul, S. (2013). I Like You Because You Think in the “Right” Way:Culture and Ideal Thinking. Social Cognition, 31(3), 390-404.
Newcomb, T. M. (1961). The prediction of interpersonal attraction. American Psychologist, 11, 575-586
Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J. (1990). Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 1(1), 33-60.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Rosenberg, S., Nelson, C., & Vivekananthan, P. S. (1968). A multidimensional approach to the structure of personality impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(4), 283.
Sperber, D., & Baumard, N. (2012). Moral reputation: An evolutionary and cognitive perspective. Mind & Language, 27(5), 495-518.
Spranca, M., Minsk, E., & Baron, J. (1991). Omission and commission in judgment and choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(1), 76-105.
Takezawa, M., Gummerum, M., Keller, M., 2006. A stage for the rational tail of the emotional dog:Roles of moral reasoning in group decision making. Journal of Economic Psychology 27(1), 117-139.
Taylor, S. E. (1982). The availability bias in social perception and interaction. In D. P. Kahneman, Slovic & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. New York:Cambridge University Press.
Thomson, J. J., 1976. Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem. The Monist, 59 (2), 204-217.
Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge:Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press.
Van Lange, P. A., & Kuhlman, D. M. (1994). Social value orientations and impressions of partner's honesty and intelligence: A test of the might versus morality effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(1), 126.
Vonk, R. (1999). Effects of other‐profitability and self‐profitability on evaluative judgements of behaviours. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(7), 833-842.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp.767-793). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychological Science, 17(7), 592-598.
Wojciszke, B., Bazinska, R., & Jaworski, M. (1998). On the dominance of moral categories in impression formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(12), 1251-1263.
Wojciszke, B. (2005). Morality and competence in person-and self-perception. European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 155-188.
Wojciszke, B., Abele, A. E., & Baryla, W. (2009). Two dimensions of interpersonal attitudes:Liking depends on communion, respect depends on agency. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(6), 973-990.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수