In many criminal cases, eyewitnesses provide critical statements to convict the suspects. The most important hypothesis based on this phenomenon is that the statements of a conscientious eyewitness are reliable. However, lots of psychological evidences show the relationship between the memory and the event is not direct. Without any intention of a perceiver, his or her memory structure is vulnerable to change by a bit of related cues. Therefore, in many cases, the memory of an event would be far different from the event itself. In this paper, empirical evidences are presented to show how event memory is distorted by the presuppositional questions and post-event priming cues. The results of this study showed the memory, the perception, and furthermore the judgement of punishment of crime are affected by the presence of post-event distorting information. However, when informing subjects the presence of a potential distracter, the probable retroactive influence on memory cancelled out.
This study examined the effectiveness of posted feedback on recycling behavior and the relative effectiveness of two different types of feedback. An A-B-BC-A within subject design was employed. Subjects in this study were college students, professors, and employees at a university. After a baseline phase, written feedback was delivered and both written feedback and graphic feedback were delivered in the next phase. Then, all the treatments were withdrawn in the final phase. The dependent variables in this study were the rate of correct separation and the weight of recycling paper. Four separation containers were used for four different materials; paper cups, aluminum cans, recycling paper, and miscellaneousness. The rates of correct separation were obtained by calculating the percentage of the number of correct items in each container. The results indicated that posted written feedback was effective in increasing both the rate of correct separation and the weight of recycling paper. When the graphic feedback was added to the written feedback, however, the incremental effect of the graphic feedback on the rate of correct separation was not clear. On the other hand, the weight of the recycling paper was increased when the graphic feedback was added. The implications and limitations of these findings were discussed and the direction of future studies was also proposed.
This paper reviewed behavioral studies that have been designed to increase recycling behavior. The essential features of the studies were analyzed in terms of subjects, experimental settings, independent and pendent variables, measurement, observational procedures, experimental designs, and follow-up and maintenance. On the basis of the analysis, it was revealed that behavioral studies to increase recyling behavior have been very successful and have a great potentiality for the future. Despite of this success, however, behavioral studies do have some theoretical and practical limitations in the present. Therefore, more research is necessary to resolve these limitations in order to make safety management more effective.
This study examined the relationship among self-efficacy, social support, and life-satisfaction among 1,474 students(999 students living in a urban area and 475 students living in rural areas). Using the covariance structure modeling(LISREL 8), the relationship among three constructs were investigated. There was a significant direct effect of social support on life-satisfaction and indirect effect through self-efficacy. Also, social support had a significant direct effect on self-efficacy and self-efficacy had a direct significant effect on life-satisfaction. In other words, those students who received more social support from parents, teachers, and friends were likely to score higher on self-efficacy, and those students who scored higher on self-efficacy were likely to score higher on life-satisfaction. Social support and self-efficacy are important predictors of life-satisfaction and self-efficacy was an important mediating factor of social support and life-satisfaction. Although students living in urban areas were likely to score higher on social support, self-efficacy and life-satisfaction, the overall covariance structure model was the same for students living in the urban area as well as students living in rural areas.
There has been few research attempting to measure drinking motives quantitatively in Korea. Developing a reliable scale measuring drinking motives will be very useful for future research as well as clinical assessment. In the present study, after verbal protocol analysis, a questionnaire (25 items) for measuring drinking motives was developed based on Cox and Klinger's(1988, 1990) 4 categories of motives. Responses from 227 university students were factor-analyzed using principal-axis(PAF) extraction procedure, followed by oblique rotation. Four factors with eigenvalues of great than 1 were finally extracted. Analysis of the item content of the factors indicated dimensions tapping enhancement, coping, conformity, and social motives respectively. On the basis of factor loadings and item-total correlations, four items on each of the intended dimensions were retained (total 16 items). Cronbach alpha coefficients of each subscale ranged from .76 to .89, which showed satisfactory internal consistency. There were significant gender differences in subscales of drinking motives, but these effects were generally small in magnitude.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of drinking motives on drinking problems in general population. In the first place, the present study tested a four-factor model of drinking motives recently proposed by Cox and Klinger(1988, 1990). Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the correlated four-factor model fit the data significantly better than did any of several plausible alternative models. Through hierarchical multiple regression analyses, the effects of drinking motives on drinking problems were examined. Results showed that drinking motives were found to have significant effects on alcohol use and drinking problems. Coping motives, for example, influenced upon drinking problems directly as well as indirectly through alcohol use, while social motives had only indirect(mediating) influence on drinking problems. It was particularly noted that coping motives were the strongest predictor in explaining the behavioral and interpersonal problems. The present study could work as a stepping stone for guiding the directions of further research.
This study was examined to explore the factors in the subdomains of self-efficacy and moral disengagement explaining adolescents' depression and delinquency. A total of 1146 students were administered multifaceted questionnaires measuring self-efficacy, moral disengagement, depression and antisocial conduct. As results, 'self-efficacy to meet other's expectations' and 'moral justification' was the most important variables for explaining depression. 'self-regulatory efficacy' was the most influential factor into antisocial behavior. The difference of age and gender were revealed in the variables of affecting the depression, trivial delinquency and severe delinquency. In compared with other research the results of this study were detaily explained and discussed.
Using 482 homeless people at temporary shelters and on street, this study explored how both demographic and physical-health-related variables would correlate with mental health. According to the descriptive statistics, a large part of the homeless are male persons in the thirties and the forties and have had daily-based jobs before homelessness. Also, most homeless people are educated below formal high school and their homeless period is from 7 to 12 months. Results have also demonstrated that the homeless in the thirties have the highest level of anxiety, and that those who are uneducated and have been homeless for 7-12 months have the highest level of hostility. Further, homeless people who have had a history of marriage are more depressed than those who have not. Finally, it has been revealed that the homeless who have problematic behaviors concerning drinking and physical health manifest many problems on a variety of psychological dimensions.
The present paper was to recast the legal processes and decisions of crime from the perspective of social-cultural constructionism. The modus operandi of Korean juristic system has depended heavily on criminal realism, neglecting the social-cultural processes and dimensions involved in the definition and construal of criminality in the context of juristic verdict. Juristic activities of legal professionals working in court were conceived to be taken place in close knit with socio-cultural modes of thinking and judging. The 'working naive psychology', which is form of social-cultural psychology, of legal professionals were critically addressed in terms of its inter-reliability among professionals and ecological validity. Additionally, reports of mass media on crime cases socially issued, i.e., homicide, sexual harassment, kid-napping etc., were analysed to reveal that they are oriented toward consumerism instead of legal justice, that they tend to make a pre-decision before trial, and to induce public opinion to a particular direction before or in the middle of trial, ultimately exercising normative influence upon trial process and outcomes. Finally, an analysis of newspaper reports on the civil case of sexual harassment on Assistant Woo was made to support two major presumptions that; the newspaper reports are socio-culturally constructed and they are exerting significant influence upon trial.