바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

Is Happiness a Zero-sum Game? Belief in Fixed Amount of Happiness(BIFAH) and Subjective Well-being

Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology / Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, (P)1229-0653;
2007, v.21 no.4, pp.1-19
https://doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2007.21.4.001


Abstract

The present research examined the link between people's lay theories of happiness and individual differences in subjective well-being level. Specifically, it was predicted that those who strongly believe that only a fixed amount of happiness exists in this world and also in each person's life would be less happy than others, even after controlling for extraversion and neuroticism. In addition to mean levels, this belief in limited happiness was expected to predict various relational, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics of the person. It was found that those who strongly endorsed the BIFAH 1) were rated less favorable by others, 2) capitalized less on positive events, and 3) made trend-reversing forecasts of future happiness.

keywords
Belief in fixed amount of happiness, Subjective well-being, Lay theories, 행복의 양이 한정되어 있다는 믿음, 주관적 안녕감, 내재이론, Belief in fixed amount of happiness, Subjective well-being, Lay theories

Reference

1.

이지선, 김민영, 서은국 (2004). 한국인의 행복과 福:유사점과 차이점. 한국심리학회지:사회 및 성격, 18, 115-126.

2.

Asakawa, K., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1998). The quality of experience of Asian American adolescents in activities related to future goals. Journal of Youth andAdolescence, 27, 141-163.

3.

Blackwell, L., Trzesniewski, K., & Dweck, C. (2005). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition:A longitudinal study and an intervention. Unpublished manuscript. Stanford University.

4.

Boehm, J. K. (2006). Endowing versus contrasting life events:The relationship between thought perspec- tive and well-being. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of California, Riverside.

5.

Brown, K., & Ryan, R. (2003). The benefits of being present:Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psy- chology, 84, 822-848.

6.

Browne, M. W., & Cudech, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 230-258.

7.

Carver, C., & White, T. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment:The BIS/BAS Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.

8.

Choi, I., Dalal, R., Kim-Prieto, C., & Park, H. (2003). Culture and judgment of causal relevance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 46-59.

9.

Costa, P., Jr., & McCrae, R. (1992). Revised NEO Per- sonality Inventory(NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory(NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odess, FL; Psychological Assessment Resources.

10.

Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFvre, J. (1989). Optimal expe- rience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 815-822.

11.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.

12.

Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Personality and sub- jective well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz(Eds.), Well-being:The foundation of hedonic psychology(pp.213-229). New York:Russell Sage Foundation.

13.

Diner, E., Sandvik, E., & Pavot, W. (1991). Happiness is the frequency, not the intensity of positive versus negative affect. In F. Strack, M. Argyle, & N. Schwartz(Eds.), Subjective well-being:An interdisci- plinary perspective.(pp.119-139). Oxford:Pergamon Press.

14.

Diener, E., Smith, H., & Fujita, F. (1995). The personality structure of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 130-141.

15.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R., & Smith, H. (1999). Subjective well-being:Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.

16.

Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories:Their role in motiva- tion, personality and development. Philadelphia:Psychology Press.

17.

Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset:The new psychology of success. Random House.

18.

Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psycho- logical Review, 95, 256-273.

19.

Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures:Inter- and Intra- national differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 869-885.

20.

Furnham, A., & Cheng, H. (2000). Lay theories of hap- piness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 227-246.

21.

Gable, S. L., Impett, E. A., Reis, H. T., & Asher, E. R. (2004). What do you do when things go right? The intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits of sharing positive events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 228-245.

22.

Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual dif- ferences in social comparison:Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 129-142.

23.

Gosling, S., Rentfrow, P., & Swann Jr., W. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-528.

24.

Gravelle, H., & Rees, R. (2004). Macroeconomics. New York, England:Prentice Hall Financial Times.

25.

Ji, L., Nisbett, R., & Su, Y. (2001). Culture, change, and prediction. Psychological Science, 12, 450-456.

26.

Kanfer, F. H. (1980). Self-management methods. In F. H. Kanfer & A. P. Golfstein(Eds.), Helping people change:A textbook of methods(2nd ed.). New York:Pergamon Press.

27.

Karloy, P. (1978). Behavioral self-management in chil- dren:Concepts, methods, issues, and direction. In M. Herson, R. N. Wisler, & P. M. Miller(Eds.), Process in behavior modification. New York:Academic Press.

28.

Kay, A. C., & Jost, J. T. (2003). Complementary justice:Effects of poor but happy and poor but honest stereotype exemplars on system justification and implicit activation of the just motive. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 823-837.

29.

Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy:Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh(Eds.), Culture and Subjective well-being. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.

30.

Langston, C. A. (1994). Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events:Expressive responses to positive events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1112-1125.

31.

Leung, K., Bond, M. H., de Carrasquel, S. R., Munoz, C., Hernandez, M., Murakami, F., Yamaguchi, S., Bierbrauer, G., & Singelis, T. M. (2002). Social Axioms:The search for universal dimensions of general beliefs about how the world functions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 286-302.

32.

Lipkus, I. M. (1991). The construction and preliminary validation of a global belief in a just world scale and the exploratory analysis of the multidimensional belief in a just world scale. Personality and Indi- vidual Differences, 12, 1171-1178.

33.

Lybomirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psychologists, 56, 239-249.

34.

Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect:Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803- 855.

35.

Lyubomirsky, S., & Ross, L. (1997). Hedonic consequences of social comparison:A contrast of happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1141-1157.

36.

Lyubomirsky, S., & Tucker, K. L. (1998). Implications of individual differences in subjective happiness for perceiving, interpreting, and thinking about life events. Motivation and Emotion, 22, 155-186.

37.

Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self:Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.

38.

Miller, D. T., & Karniol, R. (1976a). The role of rewards in externally and self-imposed delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 594-600.

39.

Miller, D. T., & Karniol, R. (1976b). Coping strategies and attentional mechanisms in self-imposed and externally imposed delay situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 310-316.

40.

Mishel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. (1988). The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 687-696.

41.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self- image. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.

42.

Singelis, T. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591.

43.

Spencer-Rogers, J., Srivastava, S., & Peng, K. (2001). The dialectical self scale. Unpublished data, as cited in Spencer-Rodgers, J., Peng, K., Wang, L., & Hou, Y. (2004). Dialectical self-esteem and east-west differences in psychological well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1416-1432.

44.

Steiger, J. H. (1989). EzPATH:A supplementary module for SYSTAT and SYGRAPH.Evanston, IL:SYSTAT.

45.

Suh, E. M., & Diener, E. (2006). Stereotypes of a “happy person” Cultural variation. Manuscript in preparation, Yonsei University.

46.

Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51, 407-415.

47.

Triandis, H., & Gelfand, M. (1998). Converging measure- ment of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality & Social Psy- chology, 74, 118-128.

48.

Uchida, Y., Norasakkunkit, V., & Kitayama, S. (2004). Cultural constructions of happiness:Theory and empirical evidence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 223-239.

49.

von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.

Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology