바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

Defensiveness within Self Deceptive Enhancement

Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology / Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, (P)1229-0653;
2009, v.23 no.4, pp.63-79
https://doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2009.23.4.004


Abstract

Self-deceptive enhancement(SDE) has been found to play a significant role in misleading research results. There also have been arguments on the psychometric validity of this construct. Two studies were conducted to examine whether SDE is measuring defensiveness distorting reality or positivity predicting psychological adaptiveness. In study 1, a questionnaire including self-report inventories on self-deceptive enhancement(BIDR-7; Paulhus, 1998a), defense mechanism, and adaptation index was administered to a group of 246 participants. The results showed substantial positive correlations between SDE and psychological adaptation index, which replicated previous results. However, the relationship between the SDE and adaptation(self-esteem) was moderated by defense mechanism(omnipotence). In study 2, in order to see if the SDE is related to distortion of reality, we compared two measures of self-enhancement: self-reported SDE vs. the discrepancy between self-rated and other-rated interpersonal problems(criterion-based self enhancement). A total of 105 pairs of respondents participated in study 2. The two measures of self enhancement were positively related. Self-reported SDE enhanced self perception of emotional capacity and interpersonal adaptation, but was not related to other perception of them. The result implies that people with high SDE evaluate themselves more highly in processing self-relevant information, positively distorting the reality. Also, the self-reported SDE reduced the negative psychological symptoms and improved self-esteem, while the criterion based self enhancement did not. The result also suggests that the self-reported SDE is related to defensiveness.

keywords
self deception, self enhancement, social desirability, defensiveness, positivity, 자기기만적 고양, 사회적 바람직성, 자기고양, 방어성, 긍정성

Reference

1.

김용석, 전수미, 이평순(2008). 한국어판 사회적 바람직성척도(SDS-17)의 신뢰도와 타당도 평가 -가정폭력 가해 남성을 대상으로. 사회복지연구, 38,5-32.

2.

권재영, 한성열(1992). 억압과 정서와의 관계연구. 한국심리학회 학술발표논문집.

3.

옥수정(2001). 억압적 성격 성향자의 정서적 특성과 정서 조절 방략. 석사학위논문. 서울대학교.

4.

이윤아, 이기학(2004). 억압적 성격 성향자의 적응적/비적응적 특성에 관한 비교 연구. 한국심리학회지:사회 및 성격, 18(3), 187-200.

5.

정보라(2004). 사회적 바람직성의 구인 탐색. 이회여자대학교 대학원 석사논문.

6.

조성호(1999). 한국판 방어유형질문지 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 11(2), 115-137.

7.

최상진, 정태연(2001). 인고에 대한 한국인의 심리: 긍정적 보상기대와 부정적 과실상계를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 7(2), 21-38.

8.

최해연(2008). 한국인에게는 억압이 적응적인가?: 억압측정의 타당성 논의. 한국심리학회지: 일반,27(1), 179-216.

9.

한성열(2003). 자기고양 편파와 심리적 적응의 관계에 대한 비교문화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 9(2), 79-99.

10.

Alicke, M. D., Klotz, M L., Breitenbecher, D. L., Yurak, T. J., & Vredenburg, D. S. (1995). Personal contact, individuation, and the betterthan-average effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 804-825.

11.

Assendorf, J. A., & Scherer, K. R . (1983). The discrepant repressor: Differentiation between low anxiety, high anxiety, and repression of anxiety by autonomic-facial-verbal patterns of behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1334-1346.

12.

Block, J. (1965). The challenge of response sets. NewYork: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

13.

Bond, M., Gardner, S. T., Christian, J., & Sigal, J. J. (1983). Empirical study of self-rated defense styles. Archives of General psychiatry, 40, 333-338.

14.

Booth-Kewley, S., Larson, G. E., & Miyoshi, D. K. (2007). Social desirability effects on computerized and paper and penceil questionnaires. Computers in Human Behaviors, 23, 463-477.

15.

Boyatzis, R. E. (2001). How and why individuals are able to develop emotional intelligence. In C. Cherniss & D. Goleman (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

16.

Brown, J. D. (1986). Evaluations of self and others: Self-enhancement biases in social judgments. Social Cognition, 4, 353-376.

17.

Brown, L., Tomarken, A., Orth, D., Loosen, P., Kalin, N., & Davidson, R. (1996). Individual differences in repressive-defensiveness predict basal salivary cortisol levels. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 362-368.

18.

Byrne, D. (1964). Repression-sensitization as a dimension of personality. In B. A. Maher (Ed). Progress in experimental personality research, 170–220. New York: Academic Press.

19.

Campbell, J. D., & Fehr, B. (1990). Self-esteem and perceptions of conveyed impression: Is negative affectivity associated with great realism? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 122-133.

20.

Colvin, C. R., & Block, J. (1994). Do positive illusions foster mental health? An examination of the Taylor and Brown formulation. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 3-20.

21.

Cooper, J., & Fazio, R. H. (1984). A new look at dissonance theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 1, 229-266. New York: Academic Press.

22.

Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1964). The approval motive. New York: Wiley.

23.

Derakshan, N., & Eysenck, M. W. (1999). Are repressors self-deceivers or other-deceivers? Cognition and Emotion, 13(1), 1-18.

24.

Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13, 595-605.

25.

Dunning, D. (1999). A newer look: Motivated social cognition and the schematic representation of social concepts. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 1-11.

26.

Ellingson, J. E., Sackett, P. R., & Hough, L. M. (1999). Social desirability corrections in personality measurement: Issues of applicant comparison and construct validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 155-166.

27.

Eysenck, H.J., & Eysenck, S.B.G. (1964). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. London: University of London Press.

28.

Everson, H., & Tobias, S. (1998). The ability to estimate knowledge and performance in college: A metacognitive analysis. Instructional Science, 26, 65-79.

29.

Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115-134.

30.

Gur, R. C, & Sackeim, H. A. (1979). Self-deception: A concept in search of a phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 147-169.

31.

Hauser, S. T. (1986). Conceptual and empirical dilemmas in the assessment of defense. In G. E. Vallant(Ed.), Empirical studies of ego mechanisms of defense(pp.90-99). Washington. D. C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

32.

Hilgard, E. R. (1949). Human motives and the concept of the self. American Psychologist, 4, 374-382.

33.

Horowitz, L. M., Alden, L. E., Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (2000). IIP: Inventory of Interpersonal Problems manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

34.

John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1994). Accuracy and bias in self-perception: Individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 206-219.

35.

Johnson, E. A. (1995). Self-deceptive responses to threat: Adaptive only in ambiguous circumstances. Journal of Personality, 63, 759–.791.

36.

Kiecolt-Glaser & Greenberg, B. (1983). On the use of physiological measures in assertion research. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 5, 97-109.

37.

Klein, W. M., & Kunda, Z. (1992). Motivated person perception: Constructing justifications for desired beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 145-160.

38.

Kurt, A. & Paulhus D. L. (2008). Moderators of the adaptiveness of self-enhancement: Operationalization, outcome domain. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 839–853.

39.

Markus, H. R., Smith, j., & Moreland, R. L. (1985). Role of the self-concept in the perception of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1495-1512..

40.

Meehl, P. E., & Hathaway, S. R. (1946). The K factor as a suppressor variable in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 30, 525-564.

41.

Miller, D. T. & Ross, M. (1975). Self-serving biases in attribution of causality: Fact or Fiction? Psychological Bulletin, 82, 213-225.

42.

Mischel, T. (1974). Understanding neurotic behavior: From "mechanism" to "intentionality." In T. Mischel (Ed.), Understanding other persons. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield.

43.

Mischel, P. M., Chaplin, W., & Barton, R. (1980). Social competence and depression: The role of illusory self-perceptions. Journal ofAbnormal Psychology, 89(2), 203-212.

44.

Myers D. G. (1982). The Inflated Self. The Chritian Century. 1227-1229

45.

Paulhus, D.L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 598–609.

46.

Paulhus, D. L. (1990). Measurement and control of response bias. In J. E Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social-psychological attitudes (pp. 17-59). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

47.

Paulhus, D. L. (1998a). Manual for the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding(BIDR-7). Toronto/Buffalo: Multi-Health systems.

48.

Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1197–1208.

49.

Paulhus, D. L., & Reid, D. B. (1991). Enhancement and denial in socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 307-371.

50.

Robins, R. W., & John, O. P. (1997). The quest for self-insight: Theory and research on accuracy and bias in self-perception. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 649-679). New York: Academic Press.

51.

Robins R. W. & Beer, J. S. (2001). Positive Illusions About the Self: Short-Term Benefits and Long-Term Costs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 340-352.

52.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

53.

Rosenthal, R. J. (1986). The pathological gambler's system for self-deception. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 2(2), 108-120.

54.

Rubin, A., Babbie, E. R. (2008). Research methods for social work. Belmont. CA: Thompson Books/Cole.

55.

Sackeim, H. A. (1983) Self-deception, self-esteem, and depression: The adaptive value of lying to oneself. In: Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theory, vol. 1, ed. J. Masling. The Analytic Press.

56.

Sackeim, H. A. & Gur, R. (1978). Self-deception, self-confrontation, and consciousness. In: Consciousness and self-regulation, vol. 2, ed. G. Schwartz & D. Shapiro. Plenum Press.

57.

Sackeim, H. A., & Gur, R. C. (1979). Self-deception, otherdeception, and self-reported psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 213-215.

58.

Samenow, S. E. (1989). Before it's too late. New York: Times Books.

59.

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201-228.

60.

Stober, J. (1999). Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17) Development and first results on reliability and validity]. Diagnostica, 45, 173–.177.

61.

Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.

62.

Weinberger, D. A., & Davidson, M. N. (1994). Styles of inhibiting emotional expression: Distinguishing repressive coping from impression management. Journal of Personality, 62, 587–613.

63.

Weinberger, D. A., Schwartz, G. E., & Davidson, J. R . (1979). Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles: Psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 369-380.

64.

Wiggins, J. S. (1959). Interrelationships among MMPI measures of dissimulation under standard and social desirability instructions. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 23, 419-427.

65.

Wiggins, J. S. (1964). Convergences among stylistic measures from objective personality tests. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 24, 551-562.

Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology