- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
행복한 청소년은 좋은 시민이 되는가? 긍정 정서와 친사회적 가치관 및 행동
Do Happy Teenagers Become Good Citizens? Positive Affect Builds Prosocial Perspectives and Behaviors
최혜원 (연세대학교)
서은국 (연세대학교)
구재선 (중앙대학교)
초록
행복한 청소년은 좋은 시민이 되는가? 본 연구는 청소년의 행복과 친사회적 가치관 및 행동의 관련성을 검토하고자 두 개의 연구를 수행하였다. 예상한대로, 행복한 청소년은 그렇지 않은 청소년에 비해 돈보다 관계적 가치를 더 중시하고, 타인 및 사회에의 높은 신뢰와 공동체 의식을 보였다(연구 1). 이어서 종단자료의 분석 결과(연구 2), 초기 청소년의 행복은 8개월 후의 친사회적 가치관(예, 감사)을 예측하였으며, 이 효과는 기저 수준과 이타심을 통제하고서도 유효했다. 뿐만 아니라, 행복한 청소년은 대학생이 되었을 때 친사회적 행동(예, 헌혈)을 더 자주 하는 경향이 있었으며, 이 관계를 친사회적 가치관이 부분적으로 매개하였다. 본 연구는 한국사회에서 나타나는 청소년 행복의 친사회적 기능을 처음으로 고찰했다는 데에 의의가 있다.
- keywords
- happiness, Korean teenager, prosocial perspective, prosocial behavior, 행복, 한국 청소년, 친사회적 가치관, 친사회적 행동
Abstract
Do happy teenagers become good citizens? In two studies, we examined whether happy teenagers are more likely to endorse prosocial perspectives and behaviors than their less happy peers. As expected, happy teenagers valued relationship more than money, maintained higher levels of trust and a stronger sense of community than unhappy teenagers (Study 1). Results from a longitudinal sample (Study 2) showed that teenagers' happiness predicted their prosocial views (e.g., gratitude) 8 months later, even after controlling for altruism and the initial baseline levels of the predicted variables. Furthermore, happy teenagers were more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors (e.g., blood donation) when they enrolled in college 19 months later. Prosocial attitudes partially mediated the link between happiness and prosocial behaviors. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to understand the prosocial outcomes of happiness among Korean teenagers.
- keywords
- happiness, Korean teenager, prosocial perspective, prosocial behavior, 행복, 한국 청소년, 친사회적 가치관, 친사회적 행동
참고문헌
구자영, 서은국 (2007). 행복의 양이 한정되어 있다는 믿음과 주관적 안녕감. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 21, 1-19.
구재선 (2009). 행복은 심리적 자원을 형성하는가. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 23, 165-179.
구재선, 서은국 (2012). 행복은 4년 후 학업성취를 예측한다. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 26, 37-52.
구재선, 이아롱, 서은국 (2009). 행복의 사회적 기능: 행복한 사람이 인기가 있나? 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 15, 29-47.
김명소, 김혜원, 한영석, 임지영 (2003). 한국인의 행복한 삶에 대한 인구통계학적 특성별 분석. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 22, 1-33.
김연화 (2010). 아동청소년의 일상 스트레스 및 자아탄력성과 행복감과의 관계. 청소년학연구, 17, 287-307.
김지윤, 이동귀 (2012). 여고생의 가족관계 및 가정경제수준에 대한 자기불일치가 행복에 미치는 영향: 자기수용의 조절 역할. 상담학연구, 13, 1443-1460.
김청송 (2009). 청소년의 행복결정요인에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 14, 649-665.
김홍순, 송미경, 김청송 (2012). 청소년의 행복과 심리적 특성과의 관계에서 감사성향과 사회적 지지의 중재모형. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 17, 253-270.
류시영, 강방훈 (2012). 청소년의 체험활동 만족과 자아존중감, 행복감 간의 관계. 한국청소년연구, 23, 27-50.
박병선, 배성우 (2012). 대인관계와 학교성적이 학교청소년의 주관적 행복감에 미치는 영향: 성별 및 학교급별 비교. 청소년복지연구, 14, 215-238.
박영신, 김의철 (2009). 한국 청소년의 행복: 심리적, 관계적, 경제적 자원과 학업성취의 영향. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 15, 399-429.
박진영, 최혜원, 서은국 (2012). 물질주의와 인간관계 경시의 심리적 원인: 낮은 일반적 신뢰. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 26, 23-36.
신민희, 구재선 (2010). 행복과 창의력의 관계: 행복한 사람이 더 창의적이다. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 24, 37-51.
이미리 (2003). 청소년기 행복감 수준의 일상 맥락변화에 따른 다양성. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 16, 193-209.
장휘숙 (2010). 청년기 발달과업 성취가 청소년의 5요인 성격특성과 자기존중감 및 행복에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 23, 1-17.
전경숙, 정태연 (2009). 한국 청소년의 행복을 결정하는 요인들. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 15, 133-153.
차경호, 김명소 (2002). 개별발표: 발달; 청소년의 주관적 안녕감과 심리적 특성. 연차학술발표대회논문집, 203-209.
한국갤럽조사연구소 (2010). 미래한국리포트 조사결과 집계표.
한국갤럽조사연구소 (2012). 한국인이 좋아하는 나라, 싫어하는 나라, 다시 태어나고 싶은 나라.
한국경제신문 (2012. 12. 30). 대한민국 행복 보고서.
한국청소년정책연구원 (2008). 청소년 가치관 국제비교 조사.
흥사단 투명사회 운동본부 (2012). 청소년 정직지수.
Balcetis, E., & Dunning, D. (2010). Wishful seeing: Desired objects are seen as closer. Psychological Science, 21, 147-152.
Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior helping when it costs you. Psychological Science, 17, 319-325.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Ben-Zur, H. (2003). Happy adolescents: The link between subjective well-being, internal resources, and parental factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 67-79.
Bilsky, W., & Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Values and personality. European Journal of Personality, 8, 163-181.
Bless, H., Schwarz, N., & Wieland, R. (1996). Mood and the impact of category membership and individuating information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 935-959.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. MA: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, J. S., & Goodman, C. C. (1947). Value and need as organizing factors in perception. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 42, 33-44.
Carlson, M., Chaplin, V., & Miller, N. (1988). Positive mood and helping behavior: A text of six hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 211-229.
Carlson, M., & Miller, N. (1987). Explanation of the relation between negative mood and helping. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 91-108.
Cropanzano, R., & Wright, T. A. (1999). A 5-year study of change in the relationship between well-being and job performance. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 51, 252.
Cunningham, M. R. (1979). Weather, mood, and helping behavior: Quasi experiments with the sunshine Samaritan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1947-1956.
Cunningham, M. R., Steinberg, J., & Grev, R. (1980). Wanting to and having to help: Separate motivations for positive mood and guilt-induced helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 181-192.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 193, 542-575.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157.
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3, 1-43.
Diener, E., Lucas, R., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009). Well-being for public policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 81-84.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Kim-Prieto, C., Biswas-Diener, R., & Tay, L. S. (2010). Unhappiness in South Korea: Why it is high and what might be done about it. Seoul: Korean Psychological Society, 1-23.
Diener, E., & Tay, L. (2012). A scientific review of the remarkable benefits of happiness for successful and healthy living. Report of the Well-Being Working Group, Royal Government of Bhutan: Report to the United Nations General Assembly, Well-Being and Happiness: A New Development Paradigm, UN, NY.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39, 247-266.
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter-and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 869-885.
Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition, and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Eisenberg, N., Pasternack, J. F., Cameron, E., & Tryon, K. (1984). The relation of quantity and mode of prosocial behavior to moral cognitions and social style. Child Development, 55, 1479 -1485.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.
Erickson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39-66.
Frank, R. H., Gilovich, T., & Regan, D. T. (1993). Does studying economics inhibit cooperation? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7, 159-171.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Froh, J. J., Bono, G., & Emmons, R. (2010). Being grateful is beyond good manners: Gratitude and motivation to contribute to society among early adolescents. Motivation and Emotion, 34, 144-157.
Froh, J. J., Emmons, R. A., Card, N. A., Bono, G., & Wilson, J. A. (2011). Gratitude and the reduced costs of materialism in adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 289-302.
Froh, J. J., Kashdan, T. B., Yurkewicz, C., Fan, J., Allen, J., & Glowacki, J. (2010). The benefits of passion and absorption in activities: Engaged living in adolescents and its role in psychological well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 311-332.
Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22, 7-20.
Gallup. (2012). Gallup World Poll (http://eu.gallup. com/poll/118471/world-poll.aspx).
Gilman, R., & Huebner, E. S. (2006). Characteristics of adolescents who report very high life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 311-319.
Gino, F., Ayal, S., & Ariely, D. (2009). Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior: The effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psychological Science, 20, 393-398.
Gino, F., & Desai, S. D. (2012). Memory lane and morality: How childhood memories promote prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 743-758.
Gouaux, C. (1971). Induced affective states and interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 20, 37-43.
Graziano, W. G., & Eisenberg, N. H. (1997). Agreeableness: A dimension of personality. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 795-824). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Harker, L., & Keltner, D. (2001). Expressions of positive emotion in women's college yearbook pictures and their relationship to personality and life outcomes across adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 112-124.
Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.
Hoyt, L. T., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., McDade, T. W., & Adam, E. K. (2012). Positive youth, healthy adults: Does positive well-being in adolescence predict better perceived health and fewer risky health behaviors in young adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 66-73.
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and post- modernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Isen, A. M. (1987). Positive affect, cognitive processes and social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 203-253.
Jencks, C., & Mayer, S. E. (1990). The social consequences of growing up in a poor neighborhood: Inner-city poverty in the United States. In L. E. Lynn, Jr. & M. G. H. McGeary (Eds.), Inner city poverty in the United States (pp. 111-186). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (1998). The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 531-546.
Kasser, T. (2002). The high price of materialism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kelly, G. A. (1963). A theory of personality: The psychology of personal constructs. New York, NY: Norton.
Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff: A cross-country investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 1251-1288.
Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M., & McGue, M. (2001). Altruism and antisocial behavior: Independent tendencies, unique personality correlates, distinct etiologies. Psychological Science, 12, 397-402.
Layous, K., Nelson, S. K., Oberle, E., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012). Kindness counts: Prompting prosocial behavior in preadolescents boosts peer acceptance and well-being. PloS One, e51380.
Lount, R. B. Jr. (2010). The impact of positive mood on trust in interpersonal and intergroup interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 420-433.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
Manning, W. D., & Lamb, K. A. (2003). Adolescent well-being in cohabiting, married, and single‐parent families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 876-893.
Marks, G. N., & Fleming, N. (1999). Influences and consequences of well-being among Australian young people: 1980–1995. Social Indicators Research, 46, 301-323.
McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 6-23.
Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 291-306.
OECD (2012). Better Life Index (http://www. oecdbetterlifeindex.org).
Oishi, S. (2012). The psychological wealth of nations: Do happy people make a happy society. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Olson, J. M., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 117-154.
Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International University Press.
Pittman, K., Irby, M., Tolman, J., Yohalem, N., & Ferber, T. (2003). Preventing problems, promoting development, encouraging engagement: Competing priorities or inseparable goals? Washington, DC: The Forum for Youth Investment.
Proctor, C., Linley, P. A., & Maltby, J. (2010). Very happy youths: Benefits of very high life satisfaction among adolescents. Social Indicators Research, 98, 519-532.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6, 65-78.
Richins, M. L., & Dawson, S. (1992). A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 303-316.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Rousseau, D. M., & McLean Parks, J. (1993). The contracts of individuals and organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 15, 1-43.
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., & Rosenhan, D. L. (1991). Mood and helping: Mood as a motivator of helping and helping as a regulator of mood. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 215-237.
Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L., & Jordan, A. H. (2008). Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1096-1109.
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19-45.
Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1989). Person memory and judgement. Psychological Review, 96, 58-83.
Staw, B. M., Sutton, R. I., & Pelled, L. H. (1994). Employee positive emotion and favorable outcomes at the workplace. Organization Science, 5, 51-71.
Stefanucci, J. K., Proffitt, D. R., Clore, G. L., & Parekh, N. (2008). Skating down a steeper slope: Fear influences the perception of geographical slant. Perception, 37, 321-323.
Suh, E. M. (2000). Self, the hyphen between culture and subjective well-being. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being (pp. 63-86). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 482-493.
Suldo, S. M., & Huebner, E. S. (2006). Characteristics of very happy youth. Social Indicators Research, 78, 179-203.
Tangney, J. P., & Tracy, J. L. (2012). Self-conscious emotions. In M. Leary, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 446-478). Guilford: New York.
Thoits, P. A., & Hewitt, L. N. (2001). Volunteer work and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42, 115-131.
Tov, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The well-being of nations: Linking together trust, cooperation, and democracy. In B. A. Sullivan, M. Snyder & J. L. Sullivan (Eds.), Cooperation: The political psychology of effective human interaction (pp. 323-342). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C., Ciarocco, N. J., & Bartels, J. M. (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 56-66.
Veenhoven, R. (1988). The utility of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 20, 333-354.
Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L., & Goode, M. R. (2006). The psychological consequences of money. Science, 314, 1154-1156.
Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L., & Goode, M. R. (2008). Merely activating the concept of money changes personal and interpersonal behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 208-212.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수