Happiness after Basic Needs are Fulfilled:Social Needs become Salient

기존 연구들은 의식주와 같은 기본적 욕구들을 충족시킬 수 있게 되면 돈은 더 이상 행복을 증가시키는 데 크게 기여하지 않는다는 것을 보여주었다. 본 연구는 생존을 위한 기본적 욕구들을 충족시키기에 충분한 경제 수준에 이르게 된 이후에 사회적 욕구가 행복을 예측하는 강력한 요인으로 나타날 것이라고 가정하였다. 연구 1은 지각된 사회적 지지와 행복의 상관이 경제 수준이 낮은 개인보다 높은 개인에게서 더욱 강하게 나타난다는 것을 보여줌으로써 이를 지지한다. 연구 2에서는 외적 타당도를 높이기 위해 대학교 구내식당에서 가설을 검증하였다. 예상했던 대로 사회적 관계의 질에 대한 조작은 참가자들이 식사를 하기 전보다 식사를 한 후 기본적 욕구가 충족되었을 때 행복에 더 뚜렷한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 두 연구로부터의 결과는 충분한 경제 수준(연구 1) 또는 식사 후(연구 2)와 같이 기본적 욕구가 충족되었을 때 행복에 사회적 욕구의 중요성이 증가한다는 것을 시사한다.

keywords: Happiness, Basic Needs, Social Needs, Money, 행복, 기본적 욕구. 사회적 욕구, 돈

Abstract

After basic needs (e.g., food) are fulfilled, money no longer plays a notable role in increasing happiness. We hypothesized that, after the basic needs are satiated, social needs will emerge as a more potent predictor of happiness. In support of this idea, perceptions of social support and happiness correlated more strongly among individuals with high than low income (Study 1). In Study 2, this idea was tested at a University cafeteria setting to increase the external validity of this phenomenon. As expected, manipulating one’s social relationship quality had a more visible impact on happiness after rather than before one’s meal. Findings from these two studies collectively suggest that after basic needs are fulfilled (sufficient income, Study 1; after a meal, Study 2), the importance of social needs in happiness increases.

keywords: Happiness, Basic Needs, Social Needs, Money, 행복, 기본적 욕구. 사회적 욕구, 돈

참고문헌

박진영, 최혜원, 서은국 (2012). 물질주의와 인간관계 경시의 심리적 원인: 낮은 일반적 신뢰. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 26, 23-26.

Aknin, L. B., Norton, M. I., & Dunn, E. W. (2009). From wealth to well-being? Money matters, but less than people think. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 523-527.

Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4, 142-175.

Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.

Bjørnskov, C. (2003). The happy few: Cross-country evidence on social capital and life satisfaction. Kyklos, 56, 3-16.

Cacioppo, J. T., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2009). Alone in the crowd: The structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 977-991.

Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140-151.

Cacioppo, J. T., & Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness:Human nature and the need for social connection. New York, NY: Norton & Co.

Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676-684.

10.

Cummins, R. A. (2000). Personal income and subjective well-being: A review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 133-158.

11.

Deaton, A. (2008). Income, health, and well-being around the world: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22, 53-72.

12.

Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 57(2), 119-169.

13.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.

14.

Diener, E., Ng, W., Harter, J., & Arora, R. (2010). Wealth and happiness across the world: Material prosperity predicts life evaluation, whereas psychosocial prosperity predicts positive feeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(1), 52-61.

15.

Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2000). Money and happiness:Income and subjective well-being across nations. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.). Culture and subjective well-being (pp.185-218). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

16.

Diener, E., & Seligman, MEP. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81-84.

17.

Diener, E., & Seligman, MEP. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in The Public Interest, 5(1), 1-31.

18.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Kim-Prieto, C., Biswas-Diener, R. & Tay, L. S. (2010). Unhappiness in South Korea: Why it is high and what might be done about it. 2010 한국심리학회 연차학술대회 논문집, 1-23.

19.

Diener, E., Tay, L., & Oishi, S. (2013). Rising income and the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 267-276.

20.

Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156.

21.

Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 319(5870) 1687-1688.

22.

Dunn, E. W., Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2010). If money doesn't make you happy, then you probably aren't spending it right. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21, 115-125.

23.

Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? In P. A. David & M. Reder (Eds.), Nations, households and economic growth (pp.98-125). New York: Academic Press.

24.

Easterlin, R. A. (1995). Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 27, 35-47.

25.

Easterlin, R. A. (2005). Diminishing marginal utility of income? Caveat emptor. Social Indicators Research, 70, 243-255.

26.

Easterlin, R. A., McVey, L. A., Switek, M., Sawangfa, O., & Zweig, J. S. (2010). The happiness-income paradox revisited. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(52), 22463-22468.

27.

Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290-292.

28.

Frey, B., & Stutzer, A. (2000). Happiness prospers in democracy. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 79-102.

29.

Grouzet, F. M. E., Kasser, T., Ahuvia, A., Dols, J. M., Kim, Y., Lau, S., Ryan, R. M., Saunders, S., Schmuck, P., & Sheldon, K. (2005). The structure of goals across 15 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 800-816.

30.

Harlow H. F., & Zimmerman, R. R. (1959). Affectional response in the infant monkey:Orphaned baby monkeys develop a strong and persistent attachment to inanimate surrogate mothers. Science, 130, 421-432.

31.

Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227.

32.

Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106(4), 766-794.

33.

Howell, H., & Howell, C. (2008). The relation of economic status to subjective well-being in developing countries: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 536-560.

34.

Helliwell, J. F. (2003). How’s life? Combining individual and national variables to explain subjective well-being. Economic Modelling, 20, 331-60.

35.

Henrich J., & Boyd, R. (1998). The evolution of conformist transmission and between-group differences. Evolution and Human Behavior. 19, 215-42.

36.

Hill K., Hurtado, M. (1989). Hunter-gatherers of the new world. American Scientist, 77, 437-43.

37.

Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

38.

Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

39.

Inglehart, R., Foa, R., Peterson, C., & Wetzel, C. (2008). Development, freedom, and rising happiness: A global perspective (1981-2007). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(4), 264-285.

40.

Kahneman, D., & Deaton, A. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(24), 16489-16493.

41.

Kim, Y-H., & Cohen, D. (2010). Information, perspective, and judgments about the self in face and dignity cultures. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 36(4), 537-550.

42.

Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.

43.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-53.

44.

Maslow, A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.

45.

Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York: Van Nostrand.

46.

McDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005). Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 202-223.

47.

Mehl, M. R., Vazire, S., Holleran, S. E., & Clark, C. S. (2011) Eavesdropping on happiness: Wellbeing is related to having less small talk and more substantive conversations. Psychological Science, 22(6), 539-541.

48.

Myers, D. G. (2004). Human connections and the good life: Balancing individuality and community in public policy. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp.641-657). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

49.

Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19.

50.

Oishi, S., Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Suh, E. M. (1999). Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: Perspectives from needs and values. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 25, 980-990.

51.

Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1990). Extraversion and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1299-306.

52.

Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being:The Role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 419-435.

53.

Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 32, 119-128.

54.

Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Bohner, G., Harlacher, U., & Kellerbenz, M. (1991). Response scales as frames of reference: The impact of frequency range on diagnostic judgments. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 37-49.

55.

Schwarz, N., Hippler, H. J., Deutsch, B., & Strack, F. (1985). Response scales: Effects of category range on reported behavior and comparative judgments. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 388-395.

56.

Schwarz, N., & Scheuring, B. (1988). Judgments of relationship satisfaction: Inter- and intraindividual comparison strategies as a function of questionnaire structure. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 485-496.

57.

Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2008b). Happiness inequality in the United States. Journal of Legal Studies, 37, s2, S33-S79.

58.

Suh, E. M. (2002). Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1378-1391.

59.

Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 354-365.

60.

Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is happiness relative? Social Indicators Research, 24, 1-34.

61.

Veenhoven, R. (1995). The cross-national pattern of happiness: Test of predictions implied in three theories of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 34, 33-68.

62.

Veenhoven, R. (2000). Freedom and happiness: A comparative study in forty-four nations in the early 1990s. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.). Culture and subjective well-being (pp.257-288). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

63.

Uchino, B. N. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

64.

Uchino, B. N. (2006). Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(4), 377-387.

65.

Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., and Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 488-531.

66.

Zhou, X., & Gao, D. -G. (2008). Social support and money as pain management mechanisms. Psychological Inquiry, 19, 127-144.

67.

Zhou, X., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009)The symbolic power of money reminders of money alter social distress and physical pain. Psychological Science, 20(6), 700-706.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.28 No.2

기본적 욕구 충족 이후의 행복: 사회적 욕구의 중요성

Happiness after Basic Needs are Fulfilled:Social Needs become Salient

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격