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- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.8 No.2
Abstract
Color repetition blindness (CRB) refers to a poorer identification of a repeated color than that of a nonrepeated color under perceptually-limited viewing conditions. Four experiments tested representational as well as attentional assumptions of token-individuation failure hypothesis (Kanwisher, 1991). Experiment 1 varied the brightness of target colors and Experiment 2 changed the contour brightness, both to explore the nature of color tokens. CRB disappeared when the subjects could not use brightness tokens. Experiment 3 explored the effects of attention allocation to input colors in the pre-and postcue conditions. Experiment 4 used both moving and static color inputs. These two experiments showed that attention allocation has nothing to do with CRB. The results of four experiments were not consistent with predictions derived from the token-individuation failure hypothesis. Instead, many of our results were consistent with predictions based on a token-based inference hypothesis regarding CRB.
Abstract
Inhibition of return(IOR) refers to a deterimental consequence of exogenously oriented attention. Would the effect be diminished or increased by endogenously oriented attention? Using both exogenous (brightening of peripheral box) and endogenous (cental arrow) cue, Exp.1 showed that IOR was diminished at the endogenously attended location. Using peripheral '<' and '>' signs, Exp.2 tested whether the result of Exp.1 was due to the complicaed nature of double cue. Surprisingly, IOR was not affected by the endogenous orienting.
Abstract
Construction of a perception-used conceptual frame aimed at discriminating painting styles an analysis of relationship between painting style and aesthetic impression, and an experiment to test the effect of painting styles on aesthetic impression were carried out to develop a description system of painting styles. For the construction of the perception-based conceptual frame for painting styles, 16 perceptual attributes related to color, form and pictorial organization were proposed as major determinants of painting styles. For the analysis of relation between painting styles and aesthetic impressin, 27 Korean modern paintings were presented to art college students and rated with respect to painting styles along the dimensions of 16 perceptul attributes and aesthetic imperssions. In the task of rating aesthetic impression, a set of scales consisting of 51 adjectives which are frequently used to express aesthetic impression or critiques in painting were used. A principal-component analysis was applied to responses obtained with the 51 adjective scales to find that the four major factors, 'accent', 'freshness', 'graveness', and 'elaborateness' respectively explains 19%, 14%, 8%, and 6%, summing up to 47% of the aesthetic variance. Results of the multiple regression for each of the four aesthetic factors with 16 style attributes showed that the style attributes explained 54%, 26%, 26%, and 32% of the variance in 'accent', freshness', 'graveness', and 'elaborateness', respectivly. In the experiment to test the effect of the painting styles on aesthetic impression, an artist was instructed to draw paintings based on a set of specific aesthetic impressions specified by the result of multiple regression and the art college students rated impressions of the paintings along the dimensions of the four aesthetic factors. The style features instructed to the grist were those that ranked high correlation with the four aesthetic impression factors. The members of paintings drawn by the artist and rated by the students were 8 consistings of two genres(still-life and landscape) and four lists of style features corresponding to the four aesthetic factors. Result of the analysis on art college students responses showed that a specific combination of style features could evoke a specific aesthetic impression found by the multiple regression analysis.
Abstract
Recognition of faces has been found to be impaired by stimulus inversion more than that of other types of stimuli. This disproportionate effect of inversion on face recognition has been explained in terms of our greater experience or familiarity with faces compared to other types of stimuli. The viability of this explanation was examined in the present study by testing Caucasian and Oriental subjects for their recognition of Caucasian and Oriental faces presented in upright and inverted orientations. The size of the inversion effect was measured in terms of the percentage as well as the absolute decrease of performance with the inversion of faces. The results demonstrated that both Caucasian and Oriental subjects showed inversion effects for both own - and other - race faces, and that recognition of own - race faces was impaired by inversion as much as that of other - race faces. This pattern of results provides no support for the proposal that greater familiarity is associated with greater sensitivity to inversion.
Abstract
Four experiments to probe visual processing unit of Korean (Hangul) syllables were executed by introducing the postcueing, forced-choice task on briefly exposed stimuli. Positive or negative repetition effect (PRE or NRE) denotes that detection rate of a target is higher or lower when flanked by the same distractor than by a different one respectively. Of the six Hangul syllable types, <암> and <옴> types, contrasted in this study and most widely used in Hangul words, have a Consonant(C1; 'ㅇ')-Vowel(V; 'ㅏ' & 'ㅗ')-Consonant(C3; 'ㅁ') structure. Within each type, the two candidates of target at the C1 or C3 position were selected to make either a dimension stimulus set ('ㄴ' and 'ㄱ') or a feature stimulus set ('ㄱ' and 'ㅋ'). In the display of just C1 and C3 without V (not making a Hangul syllable), NREs were observed both in the dimension and feature set. But in the Hangul syllable context with one of the two Vs added, NREs disappeared in detecting C1 and C3 of the dimension set and C1 of the feature set, but not C3 of the feature set. In other non-syllable contexts replacing V by random dot bar or dashed line NREs appeared again. It was concluded that the disappearance of NRE in Hangul syllable context resulted from the grapheme processing of V, which was integrated with C1 and also with C3 in some conditions. From NRE pattern of this study was suggested a possibility there would be dual routes of Hangul syllable processing: wholistic and two-stage route. That is, all the three letters of Hangul syllables having a CVC structure can be processed as a whole when less complex visually, but in other cases C1 and V can be processed as a unit first and C3 later.
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to examine effects of case makers on sentence processing. In experiment I, the effects of subjective case markers('ka/i') were compared with those of topic makers('nun/un') in the two types of structure, i.e. relative clause and coordinate clause sentences. In experiment II, first, both types of the case makers were inserted in the same sentence structures, and then by changing the positions of the topic maker(i.e., first vs. second) four conditions were constructed and were compared. The moving-window presentation method were used and self-paced reading times of each words were measured. The results of the first experiment showed that the topic makers significantly reduced word-by-word reading times of the relative clause structures. The second experiment showed that the position of the topic maker had differential effects on the two sentence structures. That is, the first position of the topic maker reduced the reading times in the relative structures, however, it increased the reading times in the coordinate structures. Taken together, the findings are interpreted as support for the thematic/referential processing hypothesis of the topic maker. An alternative explanation about interaction mechanism between syntactic processing and the thematic/referential processing was suggested.
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to examine whether the distant causal antecedents can be integrated with consequent events and how gender cues affect the integration of causal information during text comprehension. In Experiment I, participants read each passage that contained a causal coherence break that could be resolved by reactivating a proposition presented earlier in the passage. After reading final sentences of the passages which were either consequents of the earlier mentioned causal antecedents(experimental condition) or locally coherent ones(control condition), participants named the target words that had occurred in the causal sentences presented at the beginning of the passages. Naming time of the target words was faster in the experimental condition than that in the control condition. This result was interpreted that causal information is quickly reactivated after encountering the consequents. In Experiment II, gender information given by the pronouns in the consequent sentences was manipulated. The gender cues of the pronouns were consistent with the names of the protagonists in the earlier mentioned causal sentences in one condition and contradictory in the other condition. The naming time of the target words that had occurred in the causal sentences was faster in the consistent condition than in the contradictory condition. The whole results were discussed in terms of the integration processes of causal information in the text comprehension.
Abstract
The present research was conducted to investigate the processes of updating the mental models in learning a spatial layout and reading a text about the layout. In the Morrow et al. study, they assumed that the process of updating mental model is completed immediately after reading the text. To examine this assumption, three experiments were conducted. In all the experiment, subjects first overlearn a spatial layout of a building and then given a text describing a layout of the building and character's actions which are moving things from a starting room to one of the two rooms that are equal in geometric distance from the starting room but different in route distance. Immediately after reading the target sentence in the text, subjects were given an one-word probe recognition task(Experiment 1), or a 'two-objects same-room' judgement task(Experiment 2 & 3). In Experiment 3, an additional instruction explicitly inducing subject to form a spatial mental model of the layout was given. The general results showed that a difference in route distance had marginal effect on the reading time(Exp 1& 2), but had significant effect on the probe recognition time when the test probe was given about the things in the newly moved-to room but not when in the starting room. This results suggest that updating of mental models are not completed right after reading the target sentence but still in progress, and that the route distance is the only variable that has some influence in this later updating process.
Abstract
Interest can be conceptualized as an emotional state which results from stimuli interpretation and comprehension, and also as a motivator which leads an individual to a specific behavior. Although it is generally accepted that interest plays an important role in interpreting stimuli, selecting information, deciding processing priority, and allocating attention in the process of learning and cognition, there has been no systematic approach on the concept of interest within the field of cognitive psychology. To emphasize on the importance and necessity of research on interest, this review examines the conceptual definitions on interest, the overview for previous research, the interest generation process, and the relationship between interest and other cognitive components. This review focuses on the role of interest in text comprehension and a hypothetical model for the generation of cognitive interests(text-based interest).
Abstract
As a hybrid view in which rule and similarity have influences on categorization has been prevalent, there were many attempts discovering factors on categorization strategies. This study planned to investigate relative effects of rule and similarity on categorization according to stimulus types. In Experiment 1, we presented stimulus to subjects in the verbal form or in the pictorial form, and then analyzed subjects' responses individually for examining effects of stimulus types on categorization. We found that transfer exemplars were categorized by rules in the verbal stimulus condition but by similarities among exemplars in the pictorial stimulus condition. In Experiment 2, we examined linearly separability had more influences on categorization in the verbal stimulus condition than in the pictorial stimulus condition. We found that subjects had learned a linearly separable category more rapidly in the verbal stimulus condition than in the pictorial stimulus condition. Therefore, categorization can't be explained by rule or similarity alone, and categorization strategies depend on experiment conditions such as stimulus types and task types.
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the predictions of the mental model theory concerning the construction of implicit models and the relevance of implicit models in the evaluation processes. Participants selected the most adequate propositional statements for three cases each of which has two components in Experiment 1. Conditional statements were selected when both components were negated, though biconditional was not frequently chosen. Inclusive disjunctive was preferred over other true statements when either component of cases was negated. Evaluation of a propositional statement against three cases was tested in Experiment 2. Some evidence for the effect of implicit models on the evaluation processes was obtained.
Abstract
Paired-associate learning and vigilance detection tasks were used to evaluate two air-conditioning systems that differed in their control of temperatures and wind flow. In Experiment 1, a new system that simulates natural wind was found to facilitate students' paired-associate learning as compared to the existing system that consistently emitted the same wind flow. Experiment 2 measured subjects' vigilance detection in hit rates, false alarms and sensitivity and found that the new system's superiority in performance was based on its maintenance of sustained arousal.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of drivers' eye-level from ground and cognitive load on their driving speed control and information processing through driving simulation. In Experiment 1, the effects of drivers' eye-level and road complexity on driving speed when no speedometer was available, free recall performance, and subjective elapsed time estimation were examined. In Experiment 2, the relationship between the drivers' eye-level and cognitive load was investigated when their attention was systematically divided with regard to two different modalities of information processing (visual vs. auditory) and levels of task difficulty (complex vs. simple). The results of the two experiments showed that (1) the drivers who were test at a higher eye-level condition (6-feet) showed significant tendencies towards faster driving speed, greater free recall ability, and lower estimates of elapsed time than those who were tested at a lower eye-level condition (4-feet), and (2) consistent with previous studies, environmental factor such as road complexity proved to be very important in controlling driving speed: the subjects drove significantly slower in the complex road condition than in the simple road condition. In particular, (3) the effect of drivers eye-level on driving speed was homogeneous at various levels of target driving speeds (35, 45, 55, and 65 mph), and the subjects showed slower driving speed and worse information processing performance when their attention was divided by visual or complex distracters than by auditory or simple distracters. Based on the previous studies in this field which showed negative relationship between cognitive load and driving speed or free recall performance, but positive relationship between cognitive load and subjective time estimates, the drives' faster driving speed, greater free recall ability, and lower elapsed time estimates at a higher eye-level condition than those at a lower eye-level condition in the present study suggested the effect of driver's different levels of eye-height which is generally assumed to be a perceptual factor also can affect driver's cognitive factors.
Abstract
This study explored the implicit mental representation of rhythms and timbres of percussion instruments in the Korean Traditional Music (KTM) with four groups of participants: KTM orchestra group, KTM students, Western Music (WM) students, and nonmusicians. To explore psychological dimensions of rhythms and percussion timbres, Experiment 1 used 9 royal traditional rhythms ('Jung-Ak' in Korean) and 8 folk rhythms ('Minsok-Ak'), and Experiment 2 used 13 percussion timbres. The stimuli were presented in a pair and the participants were asked to rate their similarity on a 6-point scale. The ratings were analyzed with the multidimensional scaling method. The first dimension of royal traditional rhythm was 'tempo of rhythm', which was meaningful in all 4 groups, and the second was 'complexity of rhythm', which was meaningful only in KTM orchestra group. In the analysis of folk rhythms, the dimensions were differed based on the subjects' musical background. In case of KTM orchestra group, the dimensions were 'uniqueness of rhythm and tempo' and 'meter', whereas in KTM students, those were 'uniqueness' and 'pattern of rhythm'. The dimensions were 'meter' and 'beat' for WM students, and 'uniqueness of rhythm' and 'tempo' for nonmusicians. In Experiment 2 on percussion timbers, the dimensions were 'height of pitch' and 'degree of echo'. The first dimension existed in all of the 4 groups, whereas the second dimension was clearly discovered for only KTM orchestra group. There was a tendency of existence of the second dimension for KTM students and no existence for WM students and nonmusician groups. The results were discussed in the aspects of providing basic data for further study to investigate psychological characteristics of Korean traditional music and of supplying various information about human knowledge representation.
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to investigate the differences in perceptual categorization between musicians and non-musicians for musical intervals, scales, modes and chords. In the interval identification, musicians were able to exactly identify twelve interval size of categorization, while non-musicians overestimated narrow intervals and underestimated wide intervals. As a result, twelve interval categories tended to be reduced to five or six. In the discrimination of various scale types, major-minor modes, semitones and chord structures, both groups did not show much differences. However, in the discrimination of tonal and atonal melody, the musicians showed more consistent and sensitive responses than non-musicians. Both groups showed more significant differences when the melody changes with type of scales than with major-minor modes. The differences between major-minor mode was more significant with the western heptatonic scale than with the Korean pentatonic scale. Perception of melody similarity was influenced by differences in the semitone structure of each scale. As a consequence, the western heptatonic scale and the Japanese pentatonic scale was categorized as similar, but Korean pentatonic scale showed distinctive tonality since it was not classified into any general tonal or atonal scale. When the melody of the Korean pentatonic scale was added to the parallel chord, the perception of melody similarity was generally influenced by the consonancy of the chord. Exceptionally, the parallel chord of the minor third was found to be better suited to the baseline melody than that of the major third. This suggests the key distance effect was affected on the results.